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§¹§Ñ§ã§ä§î I, §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ó 1978 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §à§ã§Ó§Ö§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ú§ã§ä§à§Ü§Ú §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ §à §±§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã 1915 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §£ §ï§ä§à§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ö§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §à§Ò§Ù§à§â §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ§Ñ §ã 1917 §á§à 1947 §Ô§à§Õ, §Ó §ä§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §±§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ß§à§Û §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§ä§à§Þ, §Ó§í§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §§Ú§Ô§à§Û §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û.
§¹§Ñ§ã§ä§î II, §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ó 1979 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §à§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ, §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §ã §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ö§Û §á§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §ã §ä§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ú§Þ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §Ú §á§à§é§ä§Ú §Õ§à §Ü§à§ß§è§Ñ 70-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó, §ä§à §Ö§ã§ä§î §ã 1947 §á§à 1977 §Ô§à§Õ.
§¹§Ñ§ã§ä§î III, §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ó 1984 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ö§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ §à §±§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ö, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§à 80-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó, §Ú §à§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ §ã 1978 §á§à 1983 §Ô§à§Õ.
§¹§Ñ§ã§ä§î IV, §Õ§à§Ò§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ó 1990 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ü §ä§â§Ö§Þ §â§Ñ§ß§Ö§Ö §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ñ§Þ, §à§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ §ã 1984 §á§à 1988 §Ô§à§Õ, §Ó §ä§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§à§ê§Ö§Ý §â§ñ§Õ §Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ã§à§Ò§í§ä§Ú§Û. §¿§ä§Ú §ã§à§Ò§í§ä§Ú§ñ §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §ß§à§Ó§í§Û §ï§ä§Ñ§á §Ó §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §ï§ä§à§Û §Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§Û §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û, §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à-§ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û, §Ô§å§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ä§Ñ§â§ß§à§Û §Ú §ß§â§Ñ§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í, §Ó§ã§Ö §Ö§ë§Ö §à§Ø§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ô§à §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ.
§¹§Ñ§ã§ä§î V,?§Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ó 2014 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ö§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ §à §±§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ö, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§à 90-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó, §Ú §à§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ §ã 1989 §á§à 2000 §Ô§à§Õ.published in?2014.
§³§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä §à§ä§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§ä§î, §é§ä§à §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§Ö§Ö §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§à§ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §Ú§Ù §é§Ö§ä§í§â§Ö§ç §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Û, §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í §Ú §ã§à§Ò§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ó §à§Õ§ß§à§Þ §ä§à§Þ§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §å§Õ§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ.