Â鶹APP

§±§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î

§©§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§â§Ñ §Ú§ß§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ö§Ý §Ó §®§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ú§ß§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ö§Ý §Ú §á§à §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Þ §â§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ú§Û §¡§â§Ô§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§ß§í (2019 §Ô§à§Õ).

§©§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§â§Ñ §á§à §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ö§Û §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ö §®§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú§ß§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ö§Ý §Ú §á§à §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Þ §â§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ú§Û §¡§â§Ô§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§ß§í (2016¨C2018 §Ô§à§Õ§í).

§¥§Ú§â§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â §Õ§Ö§á§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ó §®§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ú§ß§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ö§Ý §Ú §á§à §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Þ §â§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ú§Û §¡§â§Ô§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§ß§í (2014¨C2016 §Ô§à§Õ§í).

§¥§Ú§â§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â §Ú §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§î §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ñ §á§à §Ù§Ñ§á§â§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ(§¡§¯§¬§¡§¬) (2010¨C2014 §Ô§à§Õ§í).

§±§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§Ú§â§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§Ñ §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ñ§Ô§Ö§ß§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §á§à §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§ß§à§Û §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú (§®§¡§¤§¡§´§¿) §á§â§Ú §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ó §¯§î§ð-§«§à§â§Ü§Ö (2001¨C2009 §Ô§à§Õ§í).

§¹§Ý§Ö§ß §Ü§Ñ§Ò§Ú§ß§Ö§ä§Ñ §¤§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§ñ §á§à §Ú§ß§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Þ §®§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú§ß§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ö§Ý §²§Ö§ã§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ú §¡§â§Ô§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§ß§Ñ, §¢§å§ï§ß§à§ã-§¡§Û§â§Ö§ã
(1999¨C2001 §Ô§à§Õ§í).

§²§å§Ü§à§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§Ñ §ª§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ §³§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú, §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §â§Ö§Ù§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§Ö§Û 687(1991) §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ §¢§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú (§À§¯§³§¬§°§®), §¯§î§ð-§«§à§â§Ü (1995¨C1999 §Ô§à§Õ§í).

§©§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ §¡§â§Ô§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§ß§í §á§â§Ú §®§¡§¤§¡§´§¿ §Ó §£§Ö§ß§Ö (1991¨C1995 §Ô§à§Õ§í).

§²§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ý §Ó §¥§Ö§á§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ö §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §®§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú§ß§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ö§Ý §Ú §á§à §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Þ §â§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ú§Ú §¡§â§Ô§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§ß§í (1989¨C1991 §Ô§à§Õ§í).

§£§í§ã§ê§Ö§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö

§°§Ü§à§ß§é§Ú§Ý §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ú§ä§å§ä §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ò§í §¡§â§Ô§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §²§Ö§ã§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ú (§¢§å§ï§ß§à§ã-§¡§Û§â§Ö§ã, 1989 §Ô§à§Õ). §µ§é§Ö§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§î §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û. §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä §²§à§ã§Ñ§â§Ú§à (1984 §Ô§à§Õ).

§¡§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î

§¥§à§è§Ö§ß§ä §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§é§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ, §µ§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä §¢§å§ï§ß§à§ã-§¡§Û§â§Ö§ã§Ñ (1988¨C1990 §Ô§à§Õ§í). §±§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§à§â §¸§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ, §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§ä §á§à §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ö§Û §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ö §¡§â§Ô§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§ß§í, 1989-1990 §Ô§à§Õ§í.

§¯§Ñ§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ§í

§£ §ä§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §Ü§Ñ§â§î§Ö§â§í §ß§Ñ §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ò§Ö §á§à§ã§à§Ý §³§Ý§Ñ§å§Ó§Ú§ß§Ö§ß §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ñ §¡§â§Ô§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§ß§í §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ö §Ó §â§ñ§Õ§Ö §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §Ú §ã§à§Ó§Ö§ë§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ §â§Ñ§Ù§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Û §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§à§Ý§ñ §ß§Ñ§Õ §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ó §ä§à§Þ §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§å §ß§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ú §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §®§¡§¤§¡§´§¿; §Ó §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Þ §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ö §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û; §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §¥§¯§Á§°; §Ó §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ö §¬§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §á§à §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ð §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §à §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Û §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ §á§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ü§à§ã§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§ç §è§Ö§Ý§ñ§ç.

§³ 1993 §á§à 1996 §Ô§à§Õ §Ò§í§Ý §¥§à§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§é§Ú§Ü§à§Þ §±§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ §á§à §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ù§Ñ §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§í§Û §å§ë§Ö§â§Ò.

§³ 2005 §á§à 2009 §Ô§à§Õ §Ò§í§Ý §±§â§Ö§Õ§ã§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ §²§Ñ§Ò§à§é§Ö§Û §Ô§â§å§á§á§í §á§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§å§á§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ß§Ñ§á§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §ã §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ñ§ã§ã§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §å§ß§Ú§é§ä§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ð §à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ö§â §¸§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Û §Ô§â§å§á§á§í §á§à §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§ä§Ö§â§â§à§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Þ§Ö§â§à§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§Û §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û (§¯§î§ð-§«§à§â§Ü).

§¯§Ö§à§Õ§ß§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§ß§à §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ý §Ó §â§à§Ý§Ú §Ü§à§à§â§Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ä§à§â§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §¤§â§å§á§á§í §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó §­§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §¬§Ñ§â§Ú§Ò§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ò§Ñ§ã§ã§Ö§Û§ß§Ñ (§¤§²§µ§­§¡§¬) §Ó §®§¡§¤§¡§´§¿ §Ó §£§Ö§ß§Ö (1993¨C1995 §Ô§à§Õ§í).

§¢§í§Ý §Õ§Ú§â§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§à§Þ §Õ§Ö§á§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §á§à §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Þ §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §á§à §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ü§à§ã§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ CNIE (1989¨C1991 §Ô§à§Õ§í).

§¡ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö

§£§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ý §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §à§â§Ñ§ä§à§â§Ñ, §Ó §ä§à§Þ §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö, §Ó §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ö §á§à §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó §©§Ñ§á§Ñ§Õ§ß§à§Þ §á§à§Ý§å§ê§Ñ§â§Ú§Ú §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó (§°§¡§¤); §Ó §¥§Ö§á§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ö §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ §â§Ñ§Ù§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û; §Ó §µ§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ö §´§Ñ§æ§ä§ã§Ñ (§¢§à§ã§ä§à§ß); §Ó §£§à§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§Ú §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §º§ä§Ñ§ä§à§Ó §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú (§£§Ö§ã§ä-§±§à§Û§ß§ä), §Ó §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ð§â§Ú§ã§ä§à§Ó §Ú §Ó §¶§à§ß§Õ§Ö §¬§Ñ§â§ß§Ö§Ô§Ú.

§²§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ó 1960 §Ô§à§Õ§å.

§¨§Ö§ß§Ñ§ä, §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §Õ§Ó§à§Ú§ç §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û.

§¤§â§å§á§á§Ñ §Ó§à§ã§ä§à§é§ß§à§Ö§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó:

§²§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§à §ß§Ñ §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§Ú§Ú §¬§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §á§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§à§Û §Õ§ß§ñ, §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ó §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ö .

§¥§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Úe §ß§Ö§á§â§Ú§ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß:

§²§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§à §ß§Ñ §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§Ú§Ú §¬§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §á§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§à§Û §Õ§ß§ñ, §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ó §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ö .

§¤§â§å§á§á§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§á§Ñ§Õ§ß§à§Ö§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó:

§²§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§à §ß§Ñ §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§Ú§Ú §¬§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §á§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§à§Û §Õ§ß§ñ, §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ó §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ö .