Â鶹APP

§¬§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ó 2012 §Ô§à§Õ§å , §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ú §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Û , §à§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û §Õ§à§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ , §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §å§Õ§Ú§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§í §ä§Ö§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ó §â§Ö§Û§ä§Ú§ß§Ô§Ö, §à§è§Ö§ß§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Þ §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ú§Û §Ó §ï§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §é§Ú§ã§ä§å§ð §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§å, §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Ö §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§à §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó §­§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú, §å§ã§ä§å§á§Ú§Ó §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §¢§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ú, §Ù§Ñ§ß§ñ§Ý§Ñ §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ. §£§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à, §Ö§ë§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §å§Õ§Ú§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §ä§à§ä §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä, §é§ä§à §ï§ä§à§Û §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§à§Û §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §¯§Ú§Ü§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô§å§Ñ, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§î §Ý§Ö§ä §Õ§à §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ú§Ù §Ú§ã§Ü§à§á§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §ä§à§á§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§à§é§ä§Ú 80 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó ¡ª §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö, §é§Ö§Þ §Ô§Õ§Ö-§Ý§Ú§Ò§à §Ö§ë§Ö §Ó §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ö. §£ §á§Ö§â§Ó§å§ð §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ü§å §â§Ö§Û§ä§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§à§á§Ñ§Ý§Ú §±§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ñ (§ß§Ñ §ä§â§Ö§ä§î§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ö), §¬§à§ã§ä§Ñ-§²§Ú§Ü§Ñ (§ß§Ñ §Ó§à§ã§î§Þ§à§Þ) §Ú §¤§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ (§ß§Ñ §Õ§Ö§Ó§ñ§ä§à§Þ).

§¿§ä§Ú §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§í §à§ä§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ð§ä §Ü§â§Ñ§Û§ß§Ö §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ß§å§ð §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§ð, §ã§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§Ó§ê§å§ð§ã§ñ §Ó §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ö §Ù§Ñ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ö §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§Ö ¡ª §ã§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §à§ä§ç§à§Õ §à§ä §ä§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ù§å§ð§ë§Ö§Û§ã§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §â§à§ã§ä§à§Þ §Õ§à§Ý§Ú §Ú§ã§Ü§à§á§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §ä§à§á§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ §Ó §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú. §µ§Õ§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ä§Ó§à§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û §Ó §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ù§Ñ §ã§é§Ö§ä §Ú§ã§Ü§à§á§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §ä§à§á§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ä§ñ§Ø§Ö§Ý§í§Þ §Ò§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Þ §Ý§à§Ø§Ú§Ý§à§ã§î §ß§Ñ §Õ§à§Þ§à§ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§Ü§Ú §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß, §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§ñ§ë§Ú§ç §à§ä §Ú§Þ§á§à§â§ä§Ñ §ß§Ö§æ§ä§Ú, §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ó §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§Ú§ç §è§Ö§ß 2007¡ª2008 §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó.

§£ 1990-§Ö §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú §Ý§Ö§ä §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§â§Ú§Ù§Ú§ã§à§Ó §Ú §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§à§Û§ß §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í §¸§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §à§ä§Ü§â§í§Ý§Ú §ã§Ó§à§Û §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â §Õ§Ý§ñ §ß§Ö§Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§Ö§Û §Ú §æ§à§â§Þ: §à§ä §Ü§à§ß§Ü§å§â§Ö§ß§ä§ß§í§ç §â§í§ß§Ü§à§Ó §à§á§ä§à§Ó§í§ç §á§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Ø §Ó §³§Ñ§Ý§î§Ó§Ñ§Õ§à§â§Ö, §¤§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ö, §¯§Ú§Ü§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô§å§Ñ §Ú §±§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö §Õ§à §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§Ü§å§á§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Ñ§Ô§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §Ó §¬§à§ã§ä§Ñ-§²§Ú§Ü§Ö §Ú §¤§à§ß§Õ§å§â§Ñ§ã§Ö. §¿§ä§à§ä §ê§Ñ§Ô §Ò§í§Ý §Ó§í§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î§ð §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ú§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §å§Õ§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ä§Ó§à§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ä§å§ë§Ö§Ô§à §ã§á§â§à§ã§Ñ §ß§Ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§ð, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §æ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ß§ã§à§Ó§í§ç §å§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §á§â§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§à§Ó §£§Ñ§ê§Ú§ß§Ô§ä§à§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§ã§Ö§ß§ã§å§ã§Ñ.

§³§à§é§Ö§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ö§ê§Ö§Ó§à§Û §ß§Ö§æ§ä§Ú, §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§à§Ó, §á§à§à§ë§â§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ü§à§ã§â§à§é§ß§å§ð §Ó§í§Ô§à§Õ§å, §à§ä§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Õ§à§Ý§Ô§à§ã§â§à§é§ß§à§Û §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §à§á§Ñ§ã§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§à§â§à§Ó §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ú§ã§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§Ý§à §Ü §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Õ§à§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö§æ§ä§Ö§á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§à§Ó §Ó §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß, §Ù§Ñ §Ú§ã§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §¬§à§ã§ä§Ñ-§²§Ú§Ü§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ä§î §Ü§å§â§ã §ß§Ñ §â§à§ã§ä §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú. §³ 1990 §á§à 2005 §Ô§à§Õ§í §Õ§à§Ý§ñ §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ó §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ö §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ §Ó §è§Ö§Ý§à§Þ §å§á§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §ã 91 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §é§Ö§Þ §Õ§à 60 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó. §£ 2005 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Õ§à§Ý§ñ §ß§Ö§æ§ä§Ö§á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§à§Ó §Ó §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ö §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§Ü§ã§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ó §¯§Ú§Ü§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô§å§Ñ (77 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó) §Ú §¤§à§ß§Õ§å§â§Ñ§ã§Ö (70 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó). §¿§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä §ï§ä§à§Û §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Ó §á§à§Ý§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ö§â§Ö, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§í§Ö §è§Ö§ß§í §ß§Ñ §ß§Ö§æ§ä§î §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ú §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú.

§³§ä§à§Ý§Ü§ß§å§Ó§ê§Ú§ã§î §ã §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §â§à§ã§ä§Ñ §è§Ö§ß §ß§Ñ §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â, §Ó §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§í§Û §à§ä §ß§Ö§æ§ä§Ú, §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §á§à§ã§á§Ö§ê§ß§à §à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú §ç§Ñ§à§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ú §Ù§Ñ§é§Ñ§ã§ä§å§ð §ß§Ö§â§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú ¡ª §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §å§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ý§Ú §ã§å§Ò§ã§Ú§Õ§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§à§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö. §´§Ö§Þ §ß§Ö §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §Ü §ã§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö 2000-§ç §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ú §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ü §ä§à§Þ§å, §é§ä§à §Ó§ã§Ö §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý§Ú §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§ß§í§Ö §Ù§Ñ§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §å§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§ä§î §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ú §ã§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§à§ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú.

§¬ §Ü§à§ß§è§å §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§ñ §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§í §ï§ä§Ú§ç §å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û, §Ú §Ó 2014 §Ô§à§Õ§å §ß§Ñ §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Ö §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ú§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§î §å§Ø§Ö §á§à§é§ä§Ú 64 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§à§Û §Ó §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ö §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú. §£ §¯§Ú§Ü§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô§å§Ñ §Õ§à§Ý§ñ §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ó §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§Ö §ã 2005 §á§à 2014 §Ô§à§Õ§í §Ó§í§â§à§ã§Ý§Ñ §ã 23 §Õ§à 52 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó, §Ó §¤§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ö §Ù§Ñ §ä§à§ä §Ø§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ ¡ª §ã 46 §Õ§à 70 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó.

§¿§ä§à §ã§Ö§â§î§Ö§Ù§ß§í§Ö §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ç§à§ä§ñ §ß§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §Õ§à§Ò§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §à§Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §å§ã§á§Ö§ç§Ñ; §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §Ö§ë§Ö §Õ§à§Ý§Ô§Ú§Û §á§å§ä§î §Ü §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §á§â§Ú §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ã§Ó§à§Û §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú; §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ñ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§à §ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú§ä§î §ß§Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö §ß§å§Ø§Õ§í §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§Ñ (Dolezal §Ú §Õ§â., 2013). §£ §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Ú , §à§Ù§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ ??, §á§à§Õ§é§Ö§â§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ú§ä§î §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ú§Û, §á§à§Ó§í§ã§Ú§ä§î §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§î §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Ñ§Õ§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ó§à§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§î §á§â§à§Ò§Ö§Ý§í §Ó §Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §Õ§Ý§ñ §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §å§ã§á§Ö§ç§Ñ.

§ª§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à §é§Ö§ä§í§â§Ö §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú §æ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ß§ã§à§Ó§í§ç §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§í§ç §å§ã§Ü§à§â§Ú§ä§î §á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ §Ü ?§å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§í§Þ §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Þ §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú?:

1. §º§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Ö §Ó§ß§Ö§Õ§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§Û §Ú §è§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §Ó §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ó §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§à§Ó.
2. §°§è§Ö§ß§Ü§Ñ §Ú §á§â§Ú §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §Õ§à§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ñ §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Ó, §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú.
3. §²§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ñ§Õ§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§à§Ó, §â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§å §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Ó §Ó §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú; §ã§ß§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §æ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ß§ã§à§Ó§í§ç §Ú §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í?§ç §Ù§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ§ä §ß§Ñ §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ï§ä§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Ó.
4. §£§í§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ñ §é§Ö§ä§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ö§Ó §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §à§è§Ö§ß§Ü§Ú §Ú §à§ä§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§Û §á§à §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Þ §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Þ §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ú §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ú§Û.

§£ §Õ§à§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ö §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§í §é§Ö§ä§í§â§Ö §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Ü§à§Þ§Þ§å§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú:

1. §³§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Õ§à§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§à§Õ§â§à§Ò§ß§í§ç §à§è§Ö§ß§à§Ü §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ó §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ö.
2. §°§è§Ö§ß§Ü§Ñ §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ §æ§à§ß§Ö §ä§Ö§Ü§å§ë§Ö§Û §Ú §Ò§å§Õ§å§ë§Ö§Û §Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú§Ü§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ô§â§å§Ù§Ü§Ú §ß§Ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ã§Ö§ä§Ú, §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ó§Ü§å§á§Ö §ã §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§à§ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú ?§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç? §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §Ó §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ý§Ö§Ü§ã§ß§à§Ô§à §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §Ü §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú.
3. §°§è§Ö§ß§Ü§Ñ §Ú §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §à §á§à§Ý§ß§à§Þ §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à-§ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ó§à§Ù§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §ã§è§Ö§ß§Ñ§â§Ú§Ö§Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§ß§å§ð §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§Ü§å §Ú §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §â§Ñ§Ò§à§é§Ú§ç §Þ§Ö§ã§ä.
4. §µ§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ü§Ú §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ú §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú; §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Ö §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §à §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ç §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú; §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §ß§Ñ§â§Ñ§ë§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ñ§ç §Ó §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ö, §Ò§Ñ§ß§Ü§à§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ú §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§à§Þ §á§â§à§Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §ã§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§Ñ§ç (Dolezal §Ú §Õ§â., 2013, §ã§ä§â. 12¡ª13 §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý. §ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§Ñ).

§²§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ §Ó§à §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §ï§ä§Ú§ç §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§ñ§ç §å§Ø§Ö §Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §ç§à§ä§ñ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í §ß§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à §Ú §Ó §à§Õ§ß§à§Þ §ä§Ö§Þ§á§Ö. §±§à§ã§Ý§Ö §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ú §Ó §¤§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ö §Ú §¤§à§ß§Õ§å§â§Ñ§ã§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§í §Ü§à§Þ§Þ§å§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§Þ§Þ§Ö§â§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ã§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§í§Ö §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §Ó §¯§Ú§Ü§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô§å§Ñ §Ú §±§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö §Ó§í§â§à§ã§Ý§Ñ §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ó§Ö§ä§â§à§Ó§í§Þ§Ú §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ñ §Ó §¤§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ö, §±§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö, §³§Ñ§Ý§î§Ó§Ñ§Õ§à§â§Ö §Ú §¬§à§ã§ä§Ñ-§²§Ú§Ü§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ó§ß§Ö§ã§Ö§ß§í §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§í§ç §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ñ§â§Ö§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú.

§£§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§Þ §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§ç §Ý§Ö§ä §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§à §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§à§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§ç §Ò§Ñ§Ù §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §â§í§ß§Ü§Ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú, §é§ä§à §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§Ý§à §Ú§Þ§á§å§Ý§î§ã §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ò§Ú§â§Ø §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö §ã §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§à§Û §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§é§Ú §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß §¸§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú?¡ª §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§Ö§Û §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ý§î§ä§ß§à§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§é§Ú, §Ú§Õ§å§ë§Ö§Û §à§ä §¤§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§í §Õ§à §±§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ§í. §£§ã§Ö§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ô§à§Õ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ß§Ü§â§Ö§ä§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ö§â §â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §â§í§ß§Ü§Ñ §Ó §ñ§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§Ö 2013 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Þ §ã§Õ§Ö§Ý§à§Ü §ß§Ñ §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §â§í§ß§Ü§Ö §Ó§í§â§à§ã §Ó§Õ§Ó§à§Ö, §Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ §Þ§Ú§ß§å§Ó§ê§Ú§Û §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ §à§ß §å§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §é§Ö§Þ §Ó §é§Ö§ä§í§â§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ.

§²§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §â§í§ß§à§Ü §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú, §ß§à §Ö§Ô§à §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ó§ã§Ö §Ö§ë§Ö §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö§ñ§ã§ß§í§Þ, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ß§à §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§ä §à§ä §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§Û §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß. §¯§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §Ó §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§Ú§Û §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §â§ñ§Õ§à§Þ §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§à§â§à§Ó §Ó§Ö§Õ§å§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§Ö§ä §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó §ã§Ú§Ý§å §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Þ§Ñ §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ú§Û.

§·§à§ä§ñ §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §Ô§Ñ§Ù §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ï§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §é§Ú§ã§ä§à§Ö §Ú §Õ§Ö§ê§Ö§Ó§à§Ö ?§á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ§ß§à§Ö §ä§à§á§Ý§Ú§Ó§à? §ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú, §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §Ó§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ §ß§Ñ §ß§Ö§Ô§à §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ß§Ñ §å§Ô§â§à§Ù§å §Þ§Ñ§Ý§í§Þ §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ§Þ §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ä§Ö§â§ñ§ð§ä §Ü§à§ß§Ü§å§â§Ö§ß§ä§à§ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ§ç, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§å §Õ§Ú§Ü§ä§å§ð§ä §è§Ö§ß§í. §¢§å§Õ§Ö§ä §Ý§Ú §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §Ô§Ñ§Ù §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§á§à§â§å §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ï§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§í§Û §ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§â §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ø§Ö §à§Ü§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß §Ü §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ú§ñ§Þ §Ó §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Û §Ó§Ú§Õ §Ú§Þ§á§à§â§ä§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§à§Ô§à §ä§à§á§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Ó §Ò§å§Õ§å§ë§Ö§Þ §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä§î §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Û §Ø§Ö §è§Ö§ß§à§Ó§à§Û §ê§à§Ü, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ú §ß§Ö§æ§ä§Ö§á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§í, §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§ä §à§ä §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û.

§¯§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§â§à§Ò§Ö§Ý§í §Ú §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ã§á§Ñ§Õ§í, §Ó §è§Ö§Ý§à§Þ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ö §ä§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ã§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§Ö §Õ§Ö§Þ§à§ß§ã§ä§â§Ú§â§å§ð§ä §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß §¸§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ú §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ§ã§å§ë§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§Ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ý§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ú§Û. §±§à§Õ§à§Ò§ß§í§Û §à§á§í§ä §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§à§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Ú§ã§Ü§Ñ §â§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö, §ß§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ú§ç §Þ§Ñ§ã§ê§ä§Ñ§Ò, §Ú§ß§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §à§ã§ä§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ò§Ö§Ù §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ ¡ª §Õ§Ö§æ§Ú§è§Ú§ä§Ñ §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§à§â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§à§Ó §Ú §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§à§à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§à§Û §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö.

§©§Ñ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ó§Ñ§Õ§è§Ñ§ä§î §Ý§Ö§ä §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í §¸§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú, §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ß§Ú§Ù§Ü§Ú§Û §å§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú (§ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ü §¤§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ, §¤§à§ß§Õ§å§â§Ñ§ã §Ú §¯§Ú§Ü§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô§å§Ñ), §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§Ý§Ú §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ñ §Ó §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ §Ü §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú. §£ §¤§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ö §Õ§à§Ý§ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Õ§à§Þ§à§ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó §ã 1990 §á§à 2014 §Ô§à§Õ§í §Ó§í§â§à§ã§Ý§Ñ §ã 36 §á§à§é§ä§Ú §Õ§à 90 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó, §Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í §á§Ö§â§Ö§ê§Ñ§Ô§ß§å§Ý§Ú 80-§á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§ß§å§ð §à§ä§Þ§Ö§ä§Ü§å. §´§Ö§Þ §ß§Ö §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §Ø§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §¸§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §á§à-§á§â§Ö§Ø§ß§Ö§Þ§å §ß§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ §Ü §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú: §ï§ä§Ñ §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§Ö§ä §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ó§í§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ë§Ú§ç §Ù§Ñ §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ú §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ã§Ö§ä§Ö§Û.

§´§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§î §Ó§à §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö, §é§ä§à §Ó §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç §¸§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §ß§Ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§ð §á§â§Ú§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §à§ä 6 §Õ§à 22 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ô§à §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú (OLADE, 2014). §¥§Ý§ñ §¤§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§í §Ú §¯§Ú§Ü§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô§å§Ñ §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§Þ §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§Þ §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Þ §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ò§Ú§à§Þ§Ñ§ã§ã§Ñ. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§Ñ §Õ§à§Ý§ñ §Ò§Ú§à§Þ§Ñ§ã§ã§í §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Û §á§â§à§á§à§â§è§Ú§Ú §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§à§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §¤§à§ß§Õ§å§â§Ñ§ã§Ö §Ú §³§Ñ§Ý§î§Ó§Ñ§Õ§à§â§Ö.

§¯§Ñ§ã§ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§Ú§Û §å§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§Ú§à§Þ§Ñ§ã§ã§í §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ §Õ§Ö§æ§Ú§è§Ú§ä§Ñ §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§à§â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§à§Ó, §á§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å §Ò§à?§Ý§î§ê§Ñ§ñ §Ö§Ö §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §Õ§â§à§Ó§Ñ, §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§í§Ö §Ó §Ø§Ú§Ý§à§Þ §ã§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§Ö. §³§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§à §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð, §à§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §Ô§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ú§ä§å§ä§à§Þ §Ý§Ö§ã§Ñ (§¯§ª§­), 98 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó §Ò§Ú§à§Þ§Ñ§ã§ã§í, §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§à§Û §Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í, §Ú§Õ§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ §å§Õ§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ä§Ó§à§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ß§å§Ø§Õ §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ñ 70 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó §Õ§à§Þ§à§ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§ð§ä §Õ§â§à§Ó§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§Ú§Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§Ú§ë§Ú, §à§ä§à§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §ß§Ñ§Ô§â§Ö§Ó§Ñ §Ó§à§Õ§í (Larran?aga §Ú §Õ§â., 2012).

§³§à§Ò§â§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Û §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Þ §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç, §á§à§Õ§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç, §é§ä§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§ç §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§Ø§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§Ú§à§Þ§Ñ§ã§ã§í §à§ä§â§Ú§è§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §ï§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú, §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§Ö §Ú §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§Ü§Ö, §ß§à §Õ§à §ß§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§Ô§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §Ó §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ§å §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§å §ß§Ö §å§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ã §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö ?§Ô§à§â§à§Õ§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú? §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ã§ß§Ñ§Ò§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §è§Ö§ß §ß§Ñ §Ò§Ö§ß§Ù§Ú§ß. §¢§í§Ý§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§à §ß§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§à §á§à§á§í§ä§à§Ü §á§à§Þ§à§é§î §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ï§ä§à§Û §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§à§ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§ç §Õ§â§à§Ó§ñ§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§é§Ö§Û, §ß§à §ß§Ú §à§Õ§ß§Ñ §Ú§Ù §ß§Ú§ç §ß§Ö §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§Ý§Ñ §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§í§ç §Õ§Ý§ñ §å§ã§á§Ö§ç§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§ã§ê§ä§Ñ§Ò§à§Ó.

§º§Ñ§Ô§à§Þ §Ó §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú, §Ú§ã§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §à§ê§Ú§Ò§Ü§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§í§Õ§å§ë§Ú§ç §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó, §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý , §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §á§â§Ö§Õ§å§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ö§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §è§Ö§Ý§î §á§à §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ö 65 §ä§í§ã. §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§à§ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§ç §Ü§å§ç§à§ß§ß§í§ç §á§Ý§Ú§ä §Ó §Ô§à§Õ. §¥§Ý§ñ §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§ä§à§Û §è§Ö§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §â§í§ß§à§é§ß§í§Û §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ: §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ü§å §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û, §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ú §á§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Ø§å §á§Ý§Ú§ä, §Þ§Ú§Ü§â§à§Ü§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§ä§í §ß§Ñ §Ú§ç §á§à§Ü§å§á§Ü§å, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§á§â§à§ã§Ñ §á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û. §£§à §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ö §ï§ä§à§Û §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§í §ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ß§Ü§å§â§Ö§ß§ä§à§ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§â§Ú §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ú §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß, §ß§à §á§à§Ü§Ñ §à§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §â§Ñ§ß§ß§Ú§ç §ï§ä§Ñ§á§Ñ§ç §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ú §Ö§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§í §á§à§ñ§Ó§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ.

§¦§ë§Ö §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§à§Û §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§à§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§í§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â, §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Û §à§Ü§à§Ý§à §Õ§Ó§å§ç §ä§â§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§à§Ó §ß§Ö§æ§ä§Ö§á§Ö§â§Ö§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú. §£ 2013 §Ô§à§Õ§å §ß§Ñ §ß§Ö§æ§ä§Ö§á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§í §á§â§Ú§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§î §Õ§Ó§Ö §ä§â§Ö§ä§Ú §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ó §±§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö §Ú §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 60 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó ¡ª §Ó §¬§à§ã§ä§Ñ-§²§Ú§Ü§Ö §Ú §³§Ñ§Ý§î§Ó§Ñ§Õ§à§â§Ö, §Ó §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§à§Þ §Ù§Ñ §ã§é§Ö§ä §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ô§à §ä§à§á§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ §Ó §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ü§Ñ§ç (OLADE, 2014).

§³§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ó §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§à§Þ §ã§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ø§ß§Ö§Ö, §é§Ö§Þ §Ó §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ, §á§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å §Ù§Õ§Ö§ã§î §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§í§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ù§Ñ §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ú §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ú§Û §Ó §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§å §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §ä§à§á§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ §Ú§Ý§Ú §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Û. §°§ß§Ú §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§ð§ä §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Ó§Ý§Ö§é§Ö§ä §Ù§Ñ §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §Ü§à§à§â§Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §à§Ô§â§à§Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§à§Ó, §Ó§à §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§ñ§ç §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §å§â§à§Ó§ß§Ö§Û §Ó§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ý§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§â§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß.

§²§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ï§ä§à§Û §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §ï§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§ã§ä§Ú, §ß§à §Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ß§Ü§å§â§Ö§ß§ä§à§ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §¸§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú. §³§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §Þ§ß§à§Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ß§í§ç §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó, §ß§à §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §Ú§Ù §ß§Ú§ç §ß§à§ã§ñ§ä §ä§à§é§Ö§é§ß§í§Û §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â, §Ñ §Ó§à §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§ñ§ç §à§ä§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ §Ú§ç §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú.

§³§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í §¸§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í §Ó§ß§à§Ó§î §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§ä§î §å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç, §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §á§Ñ§â§ä§ß§Ö§â§à§Ó §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§à§Û §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§Ú, §Ó§Ö§Õ§à§Þ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§à§â§Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ú §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ú§Û, §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§í§ç §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§à§Õ§Ö§æ§Ú§è§Ú§ä§Ñ §Ú §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §é§Ú§ã§ä§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§Ñ. §´§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó§í §Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§í§Ö §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â§í, §à§ä §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§ä §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó§à §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ñ§ç §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §Ú §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú.

§³§á§Ú§ã§à§Ü §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í

Dolezal, Adam, and others (2013). The Way Forward for Renewable Energy in Central America. Status Assessment, Best Practices, Gap Analysis. Washington D.C.: The Worldwatch Institute. §³ §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö:?.

Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (2014).? . Guatemala City.

Larra?aga, Marcos Mart¨ªn, and others (2012). Oferta y demanda de le?a en la Rep¨²blica de Guatemala. Guatemala: Instituto Nacional de Bosques de Guatemala (INAB).

Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE) (2014). Informe de Estad¨ªsticas Energ¨¦ticas 2014.? Quito, Ecuador.

Â鶹APP, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (2011). Mexico, D.F.

Â鶹APP, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (2015). Mexico, D.F.