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§£ §ä§â§Ö§ä§î§Ö§Þ §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ú ?The Charter of the Â鶹APP: A Commentary? (?§µ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û: §¬§à§Þ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Û?) §á§à§Õ §â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§Ö§Û §¢§â§å§ß§à §©§Ú§Þ§Þ§í §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§à§Ó §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§ã§í§Ý§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Õ§à§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ö§Ô§à §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§ñ §¬§à§æ§Ú §¡§ß§ß§Ñ§ß§Ñ §á§à§Õ §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ ?§±§â§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö§Û §ã§Ó§à§Ò§à§Õ§Ö: §Ü §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ð, §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Þ §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§ç?, §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§ñ, §é§ä§à ?§å§Ô§â§à§Ù§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §Ú §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó XXI §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ö §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §Ó§à§Û§ß§í §Ú §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§í, §ß§à §Ú §ß§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§ä§Ú§Ó §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§å§ð §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §ä§Ö§â§â§à§â§Ú§Ù§Þ §Ú §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ñ§ã§ã§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §å§ß§Ú§é§ä§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §£ §Ú§ç §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à §Ó§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ß§Ú§ë§Ö§ä§Ñ, §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§à§ß§à§ã§ß§í§Ö §Ú§ß§æ§Ö§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Õ§Ö§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §à§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §ã§â§Ö§Õ§í, §á§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å §ï§ä§Ú §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ú§Þ§Ö§ä§î §ß§Ö §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§æ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ. §£§ã§Ö §ï§ä§Ú §å§Ô§â§à§Ù§í §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §Ü §Ô§Ú§Ò§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û §Ú§Ý§Ú §å§Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ú§ç §ê§Ñ§ß§ã§à§Ó §ß§Ñ §Ó§í§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§ç. §£§ã§Ö §à§ß§Ú §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §á§à§Õ§à§â§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§å§ð §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§è§å §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í?¹.

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• §±§à§Ý§ß§à§Þ§à§é§Ú§ñ §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§ñ §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§à §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î§Ö 99 §µ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ: §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§ð §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à §á§à§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§å §¢§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ó §ä§à§Þ §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö §ð§â§Ú§Õ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ñ, §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã§à §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î§Ö§Û 99 §µ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ä§î §Ö§Þ§å §Ó§í§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§î §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§à§Û 7 §µ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ.
• §±§à§Ý§ß§à§Þ§à§é§Ú§ñ §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã §Ó§í§ß§Ö§ã§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §â§Ö§Ü§à§Þ§Ö§ß§Õ§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §Ó §ã§à§é§Ö§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §ã §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§à§Þ §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§í§é§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ: §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§î §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ö§ß §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ã§Ó§à§Ú §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó§í§Ö §Õ§à§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§í §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ý§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ö§Ö §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü §å§Ô§â§à§Ù§Ñ§Þ §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §â§Ö§Ü§à§Þ§Ö§ß§Õ§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Þ§à§Ô§Ý§Ú §Ò§í §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§ã§Ö§ß§ã§å§ã§Ñ §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ó §ß§à§â§Þ§í §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§í§é§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ.
• §ª§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Ö §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §³§å§Õ§Ñ §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §å§ä§à§é§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§à§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §Ó §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö §Ñ§Õ§Ñ§á§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ü §ä§Ö§Þ §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ§Þ, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Ø§Ú§Ó§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à: §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§å §¢§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ö §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ã§Ó§à§Ú §á§à§Ý§ß§à§Þ§à§é§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §³§å§Õ §á§â§à§ã§î§Ò §à §Ó§í§ß§Ö§ã§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ü§à§ß§ã§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó, §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó §è§Ö§Ý§ñ§ç §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§í §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §ã§â§Ö§Õ§í §Ö§Ô§à §à§Ò§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ.

§¬§â§à§Þ§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§à §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ:

• §°§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §â§å§Ü§à§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú §å§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú.
• §±§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §£§Ö§â§ç§à§Ó§ß§í§Þ §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ñ§â§à§Þ §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §á§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Þ §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §à§á§à§Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§í.
• §±§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ö§â §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§í.

§±§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§í§ç §Ü§â§å§Ô§à§Ó §Ú §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§ä§í-§á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ §ã§â§à§é§ß§å§ð §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §Ó §Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§í§ç §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§ñ§ç. §£ §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §ß§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§à §à§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ö ?An Unfinished Foundation: The Â鶹APP and Global Environmental Governance? (?§¯§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §æ§å§ß§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä: §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ú §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð?) §¬§Ö§ß §¬§à§ß§Ü§Ñ §á§â§Ú§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ö §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ó §ã§â§à§é§ß§à§Þ §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§Ü§Ö §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§î §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§â§í:

• §±§â§Ö§Õ§å§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ö§ä§î §Ü§à§ß§Ü§â§Ö§ä§ß§à§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§å§ð §Ú §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§å§ð §à§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§å§ð §ã§â§Ö§Õ§å.
• §±§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ä§î §à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ù§Ñ §à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§å §à§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §ã§â§Ö§Õ§í.
• §µ§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§ä§î §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ñ§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§í, §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §Ú §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§í §á§â§Ñ§Ó, §Ó §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §Ü §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ.
• §°§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§ä§î §à§Ò§à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§å§ð (§Ú §é§Ö§ä§Ü§à §à§é§Ö§â§é§Ö§ß§ß§å§ð) §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ß§å§ð §â§à§Ý§î §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ §¢§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û.
• §ª§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §ï§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ.
• §±§Ö§â§Ö§à§ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ú§ä§î §Ú §å§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ú§ä§î §ä§à, §é§ä§à §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §Ò§í§Ý§à §Ò§í §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ä§î ?§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§ß§í§Þ §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§à§Þ? §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ü §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Þ §à§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §ã§â§Ö§Õ§í?¹⁴.

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§£ §Ü§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ö §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §ß§Ñ §á§å§ä§Ú §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§à§ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §Ó §è§Ö§Ý§ñ§ç §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ §Ó §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§í §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û? §£ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §ê§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä §¢§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Þ§à§Ô §Ò§í §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §ã§â§à§é§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§å §à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§í. §°§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ó§Ú§Õ§ß§í§ç §é§Ý§Ö§ß§à§Ó §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ §Þ§à§Ô §Ò§í §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§î §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §Ú §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ú§ä§î §ã §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§à§Û §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §á§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Û.

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§±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ

1 §¸§Ú§ä§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§à Bruno Simma and others, eds., The Charter of the Â鶹APP: A Commentary, vol. I., 3d ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012), p.111.

2 Ibid.

3 Ibid.

4 Ibid., p.112.

5 Nick Butler, ¡°Action on climate change is self-defence not altruism¡±, Financial Times, 20 October 2015.

6 Ibid.

7 Martin Rees, "Scientists and politicians alike must rally to protect life on Earth", Financial Times, 5 September 2015.

8 Ibid.

9 Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the Â鶹APP, ¡°Human protection and the 21st century Â鶹APP¡±, Cyril Foster Lecture at Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2 February 2011. §³ §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö: .

10 Ibid.

11 §¤§Ö§ß§â§Ú §¬§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§ß§Õ§Ø§Ö§â, ?§®§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§à§Ü? (§®§à§ã§Ü§Ó§Ñ, §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§à §¡§³§´, 2015 §Ô§à§Õ), §ã§ä§â. 312.

12 §´§Ñ§Þ §Ø§Ö, §ã§ä§â. 314.

13 Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public lnternational Law, 6th ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003), p.706.

14 Ken Conca, An Unfinished Foundation: The Â鶹APP and Global Environmental Governance (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 14.