§³§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §Ü§â§å§Ô§à§Ó§à§Û §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â. §³ §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í, §Ó §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§í§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§í §Ó§ã§á§í§ç§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §é§Ñ§ë§Ö. §³ §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Û §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í, §Ó §ç§à§Õ§Ö §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§Û, §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ð, §é§ä§à §á§à§â§à§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §Ú §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §å§Ø§Ö §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó (Collier, and others, 2003; Gates, and others, 2014 (§¬§à§Ý§Ý§Ú§Ö§â §Ú §Õ§â., 2003 §Ô§à§Õ1;?§¤§Ö§Û§ä§ã §Ú §Õ§â., 2014 §Ô§à§Õ). §¥§Ñ§Ø§Ö §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §Ú§Ý§Ú §á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§à§Ó §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§â§à§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§ð§ä §Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §à §ã§Ö§Ò§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§ä§î. §¿§ä§Ú §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó §ã§Ö§Ò§ñ §à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§í§ç §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ú§ä§å§ä§à§Ó, §ã§Ý§Ñ§Ò§à§ã§ä§î §Õ§Ö§Þ§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ§à§Ó, §Ü§à§â§â§å§á§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§í §á§â§Ú §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§à§Ó, §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Û§ã§ñ §à§Ò§à§â§à§ä §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §Ú§Ý§Ú §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú. §°§Ò§à§Ò§ë§Ñ§ñ §Ó§í§ê§Ö§Ú§Ù§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö, §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§î, §é§ä§à §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§í §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ü §Õ§à§Ý§Ô§à§ã§â§à§é§ß§í§Þ §ß§Ö§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Þ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ.
§³ §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Û §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í, §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ñ §å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ú§â§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§á§ä§Ú§Þ§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ, §ß§Ö§Ø§Ö§Ý§Ú §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§ä§î §ß§Ñ §æ§à§ß§Ö §Ó§í§ê§Ö§à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §á§à§â§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§â§å§Ô§Ñ. §¯§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ §å§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ö§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ö§ä§î §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§í §Ú §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §ß§Ö§ã§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î. §¢§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §Ü§à§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó §Ó §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §Þ§Ñ§ã§ê§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ö §ß§Ñ §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Þ §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö §å§Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ (Marshall and Cole, 2014; Pinker, 2011 (§®§Ñ§â§ê§Ñ§Ý§Ý §Ú §¬§à§å§Ý, 2014 §Ô§à§Õ; §±§Ú§ß§Ü§Ö§â, 2011 §Ô§à§Õ)). §¯§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö §á§â§Ö§á§ñ§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ, §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í §ã§Þ§à§Ô§Ý§Ú §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ú§ä§î §ç§à§ä§î §Ú §ß§Ö §Ò§Ö§Ù§å§á§â§Ö§é§ß§í§Û, §ß§à §á§â§à§é§ß§í§Û §Þ§Ú§â (§Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §á§à§Õ§â§Ñ§Ù§å§Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §á§à§Õ §ß§Ú§Þ §à§ä§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ) §ß§Ñ §æ§à§ß§Ö §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §é§ä§à §ß§Ñ§Þ §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä §á§à§á§í§ä§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ý§å§é§ê§Ö §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§î §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §Ó §ä§Ö§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö, §Õ§à§Ò§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§ã§î §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ, §ä§Ö§Þ §ß§Ö §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §ß§Ö §ã§Þ§à§Ô§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ö§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ö§ä§î §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ß§Ö §â§Ö§ê§Ú§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ§ã§å§ë§ß§í§ç §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à-§ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§ß§à§Ô§à §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ñ, §Ú§Ù§Ò§Ö§Ø§Ñ§Ó §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §á§à§Ó§ä§à§â§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§á§à§Ý§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§å.
§±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â §§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §ç§à§â§à§ê§à §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ §ä§Ö§ã§ß§à§Û §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö§Þ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ä§Ö§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §ã §ä§à§é§Ü§Ú §Ù§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ. §¿§ä§à§ä §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§à §ã§â§Ñ§Ù§å §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§ç §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó §Ú §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§à§Û§ß §Ó §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §¤§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ, §¬§à§Ý§å§Þ§Ò§Ú§ñ, §¯§Ú§Ü§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô§å§Ñ, §±§Ö§â§å §Ú §³§Ñ§Ý§î§Ó§Ñ§Õ§à§â, §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§â§à§Ô§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ô§à §Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§Ô§à §Ú §ß§Ñ §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ô§à §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ §Ó §©§Ñ§á§Ñ§Õ§ß§à§Þ §á§à§Ý§å§ê§Ñ§â§Ú§Ú. §¢§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §å§ã§á§Ö§ê§ß§í§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Þ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ñ§Þ §Ó §¬§à§Ý§å§Þ§Ò§Ú§Ú §Ó§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö §Ó§Ö§â§à§ñ§ä§ß§à, §é§ä§à §Ü §Ü§à§ß§è§å 2016 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó §§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ö §Ó§á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §é§Ö§Þ §Ù§Ñ 55 §Ý§Ö§ä §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§ã§Ö §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§í.
§£§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ö §ã §ä§Ö§Þ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ú §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ú§ä§å§ä§à§Ó, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ä§Ö§Ü§å§ë§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§Û §ä§Ö§â§â§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ. §¯§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§ñ §ß§Ñ §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§à§Ó §Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§à§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Õ§å§ê§å §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Û §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú, §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ §ß§Ú§ë§Ö§ä§í, §â§Ñ§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§à§Ó §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ô§à §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ñ §Ú §ä§Ö§Þ§á§à§Ó §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §â§à§ã§ä§Ñ (§£§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Û §Ò§Ñ§ß§Ü, 2015 §Ô§à§Õ), §§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ §á§à-§á§â§Ö§Ø§ß§Ö§Þ§å §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §ß§Ö§à§Õ§ß§à§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ. §¬§â§à§Þ§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §á§à §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §µ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §á§à §ß§Ñ§â§Ü§à§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Þ §Ú §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú (§µ§¯§± §°§°§¯), §å§Ø§Ö §Ó §ä§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§Ú§ç §Ý§Ö§ä §Ó §ï§ä§à§Þ §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ö §æ§Ú§Ü§ã§Ú§â§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ó §Þ§Ú§â§Ö §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §å§Ò§Ú§Û§ã§ä§Ó (§µ§¯§± §°§°§¯, 2013 §Ô§à§Õ). §º§Ú§â§à§Ü§à §â§Ñ§ã§Ü§Ú§ß§å§Ý§Ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ú §ã§Ö§ä§Ú §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à§ã§ä§î. §¯§Ö §á§â§Ú§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §å§Õ§Ú§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §ä§à§Þ§å, §é§ä§à §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Û §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Û §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§à§Û §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß §§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ð§ä §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§å §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú. §¢§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§å §ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ë§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß §§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú, §ß§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ë§Ú§Û§ã§ñ §å §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §à§á§í§ä §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§â§ß§í§ç §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ§à§Ó, §ß§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ§ê§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î §ß§Ö §Ó§Ö§â§ñ§ä §Ó §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Õ§Ö§Þ§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à §â§Ö§ê§Ñ§ä§î §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§à§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í, §ä§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§Ú §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ ¨C §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ß§Ú§Ù§Ü§Ñ§ñ §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §ä§à§Ý§Ö§â§Ñ§ß§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î, - §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§í, §ß§Ö§Ø§Ö§Ý§Ú 10 §Ý§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Õ (Carlin, Love, and Singer, 2014 (§¬§Ñ§â§Ý§Ú§ß, §§Ñ§Ó §Ú §³§Ú§ß§Ô§Ö§â, 2014 §Ô§à§Õ)).
§±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à, §é§ä§à §ä§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ù§Ñ§ä§â§à§ß§å§ä§í §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ó§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ó §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§î (§à§ä§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú) §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ö §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à§Ö §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§à §ß§Ñ §ê§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ö §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ú§à§â§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§à§Ó, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ý§ð§Õ§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ø§Ö§â§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û (Hinton and Montalvo, 2014 (§·§Ú§ß§ä§à§ß §Ú §®§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ó§à, 2014 §Ô§à§Õ)), §Ñ §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§Ö§â§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§í §Ó§í§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§ñ§ä §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ§Ú (Singer, Carlin, and Love, 2014 (§³§Ú§ß§Ô§Ö§â, §¬§Ñ§â§Ý§Ú§ß §Ú §§Ñ§Ó, 2014 §Ô§à§Õ)). §³§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§à §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §£§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ò§Ñ§ß§Ü§Ñ, §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ö§Ô§à §á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Õ§å§ê§å §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç §å§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§ð§ä §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§à§Þ§å §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Þ§å §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ð §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ (§£§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Û §Ò§Ñ§ß§Ü, 2015 §Ô§à§Õ). §¸§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§å§ð §Ó 70-§Ö §Ú 80-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í §á§â§Ö§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §æ§à§â§Þ§í §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó §Ú §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §Þ§à§ä§Ú§Ó§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ, §Ó §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§Ö§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§à§Þ §ã §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§Þ §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§Ú§Þ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§Ö§Þ §ß§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ §Ó §Þ§Ú§â§Ö. §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à§ã§ä§î §á§â§Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §¤§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ, §Ó §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§í §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú §Ù§Ñ§á§â§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §Ú§ç §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Þ §Ó§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó §ï§ä§å §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ú§ç §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ú§ç. §£ §³§Ñ§Ý§î§Ó§Ñ§Õ§à§â§Ö, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§é§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ó 1992 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§ä§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§â§à§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó§í§â§à§ã§Ý§à §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à §å§Ò§Ú§Û§ã§ä§Ó. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Ò§Ñ§ß§Õ §Ú §å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ù§Ñ§á§â§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ü §ç§Ñ§à§ã§å §Ó §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §â§Ñ§Û§à§ß§Ñ§ç. §£ §¬§à§Ý§å§Þ§Ò§Ú§Ú §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä §á§à§Õ§á§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ §ã§é§Ö§ä §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú §Ü§à§Ü§Ñ§Ú§ß§à§Þ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ù§Ñ §ã§é§Ö§ä §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§ß§à§Û §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú (§Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §ß§Ö§æ§ä§î §Ú §ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§ß§å§ð §Õ§à§Ò§í§é§å §Ù§à§Ý§à§ä§Ñ). §¯§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§Ö§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ù §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ó §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö §Ý§Ö§Ó§Ñ§è§Ü§Ú§ç §á§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ô§â§å§á§á§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Ü, §¬§à§Ý§å§Þ§Ò§Ú§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã §á§Ö§â§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§à§Û §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Þ§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §æ§à§â§Þ §ß§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ §á§à §á§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß§Ö §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ý§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§â§Ú§Ò§í§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §ß§Ñ §æ§à§ß§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í §á§à-§á§â§Ö§Ø§ß§Ö§Þ§å §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ã§Ý§Ñ§Ò§í§Þ§Ú. §®§Ñ§â§Ô§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Þ§à§Ý§à§Õ§Ö§Ø§Ú §á§à§â§à§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §ã§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §á§â§Ú§ä§à§Ü §Þ§à§Ý§à§Õ§í§ç §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û, §ã§ä§â§Ö§Þ§ñ§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §Ó§Ý§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ó §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§ß§í§Ö §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §©§Ñ§á§å§ä§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ú §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§ß§í§Û §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§Ú§Û, §Ó §ä§à§Þ §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö §á§à §á§à§Ó§à§Õ§å §â§à§Ý§Ú §Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ó §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§Û §Õ§à§Ò§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §ã§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§Ñ, §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ú §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §å§ã§Ý§å§Ô §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §ã§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §à §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ó §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §ã§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§à§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ö §Ó §ï§ä§Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç §Ò§í§Ý§à §à§ä§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§à §à§Ò§ã§å§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ §Ó §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ.
§£§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§í §Ó §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Ý§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§à§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç, §Ü§à§ß§Ö§é§ß§à, §ß§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú§Ù §ï§ä§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ. §°§é§Ö§Ó§Ú§Õ§ß§à, §é§ä§à §ß§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ö §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö, §à§ä§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §à§ä§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ú§ã§å§ë§Ú §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ä§Ö§Þ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ó §á§â§à§ê§Ý§à§Þ §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§à §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§í. §´§Ö§Þ §ß§Ö §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §é§ä§à §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§í §Ó§í§Ù§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §à§Ò§à§ã§ä§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ï§ä§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ §á§à §á§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à §Ó §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§å§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ò§ð§Õ§Ø§Ö§ä§à§Ó §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§à§ê§Ý§à §à§ä§Ó§Ý§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ö§æ§Ú§è§Ú§ä§ß§í§ç §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§à§Ó §à§ä §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ; §ï§ä§Ú §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§í §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ú §Ù§Ñ §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ö§Þ§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Ó §á§à§Õ§à§ä§é§Ö§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ß§Ñ §æ§à§ß§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à §ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §á§Ý§Ñ§ß §Ó§í§ê§Ý§Ñ §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ò§à§â§î§Ò§í §ã §á§à§Ó§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à, ?§ã§á§Ú§ã§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ? §á§à§ã§á§Ö§ê§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ó§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §ß§Ö§Ò§â§Ö§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §Ü §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ, §ß§Ö §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §ã §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Þ, §à§ä §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ù§Ñ§é§Ñ§ã§ä§å§ð §ä§Ö§â§á§Ú§Þ§à §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§Ó§ê§Ö§Ô§à§ã§ñ §Ü §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§â§ß§í§Þ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§Ú§Ò§Ñ§Þ §Ú§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §à§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Õ§í§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ö§Ô§à §Ú§ç. §£ §ï§ä§à§Þ §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ç§â§à§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ §Ú §ß§Ö§ã§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ò§ð§Õ§Ø§Ö§ä§à§Ó, §é§ä§à, §Ó §ã§Ó§à§ð §à§é§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§î, §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§Ý§à §Ü §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§Û, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à§ã§ä§î §á§â§à§è§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä, §Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ú§ä§å§ä§í §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à§ã§å§Õ§Ú§ñ §ß§Ö §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §á§â§Ú§Ø§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö, §Ñ §Õ§Ö§Þ§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §ß§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §ä§à§Û §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§Ú §Ý§Ö§Ô§Ú§ä§Ú§Þ§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §Ò§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§ß§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §ß§Ö§Ö §Ó §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç. §¿§á§à§ç§Ñ §á§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§à§ã§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û, §ß§Ö§ã§à§Þ§ß§Ö§ß§ß§à, §á§â§à§ê§Ý§Ñ; §ä§Ö§Þ §ß§Ö §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §ä§Ö §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ß§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ú §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ß§Ñ§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ.
§£§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ö §ã §ä§Ö§Þ §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§ä§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§ä§î, §é§ä§à §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §ß§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã §ß§Ö§á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ó§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó. §²§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ô§â§å§á§á§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ü §ã§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó, §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§í §Ú §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö §ß§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §ã§Ö§â§î§Ö§Ù§ß§à§Û §å§Ô§â§à§Ù§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß §Ú §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó. §¯§Ú §å §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ù §ß§Ú§ç §ß§Ö §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §Þ§à§Ô§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ú§ç §á§à§Ü§â§à§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ß§Ñ §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ï§ä§Ñ§á§Ñ§ç §Þ§à§Ô§Ý§Ú §Ò§â§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ò§ñ §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ú §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ü§Ú, §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã §Ó§à§ã§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú. §±§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í, §á§à§â§à§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Ö §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§ß§í§ç §Ô§â§å§á§á§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Ü §Ú §Þ§Ñ§æ§Ú§à§Ù§ß§í§ç §Ô§â§å§á§á, §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§Û §ß§Ñ§â§Ü§à§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §Ú§ß§å§ð §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§å §Ú §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§Ñ §Ö§ë§Ö §ß§Ö §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§ß§å§ð §Ú §Ü§â§Ñ§Û§ß§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ø§ß§å§ð §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§å, §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§å§ð §ã §Ó§í§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §à§Ò§Ö§ë§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ó §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §Ú §ß§Ñ§â§Ñ§ë§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ.
§°§á§í§ä §ä§Ö§ç §Ý§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§à§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ã§ä§à§Ý§Ü§ß§å§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ã §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ú§ä §ç§à§â§à§ê§Ú§Þ §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§à§Þ §ã§Ý§à§Ø§ß§à§Û §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Þ§Ú§â§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö§Þ. §£ §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Û §Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ö, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à, §á§à§Õ§é§Ö§â§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §á§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§Ú §Õ§ß§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Û §Ú§Ù §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Õ§Ó§å§ç §ã§æ§Ö§â, §ã §ä§Ö§Þ §é§ä§à§Ò§í §Ú§Ù§Ò§Ö§Ô§Ñ§ä§î §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §á§â§Ú §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §ã §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§å§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §à§Ø§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§à§Ü§Ú§ç §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ö§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §ã §ä§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î §é§Ö§ä§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è§í §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ß§Ú§Þ§Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§ã§Ö §ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ö§Ö. §£ §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §ä§Ö §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§í §Ó §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î§Ö, §ã§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §ä§à§é§Ü§Ú §ã§à§á§â§Ú§Ü§à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Þ§Ú§â§à§Þ §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§à§Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ, §Ó §á§â§à§ê§Ý§à§Þ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Þ §à§ä §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §Õ§à§Ò§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ö§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ñ §ß§Ñ §à§Ò§à§Ú§ç §ï§ä§Ú§ç §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç, §ã §ä§Ö§Þ §é§ä§à§Ò§í §ã§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§ä§î §â§Ñ§Ù§â§í§Ó §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ß§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ú §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ§Ú §Ú§Ù §Ú§ç §ã§à§ã§Ö§Õ§Ö§Û §á§à §Ý§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§à§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Þ§å §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§å, §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ß §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§Ú§Û §å§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î §á§â§à§è§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ú §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú.
§£§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Þ§Ú§â§à§Þ §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Ó §ß§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§à §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§à§Û §±§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§Ö §Õ§ß§ñ §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ §Õ§à 2030 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §é§ä§à ?§ß§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §Ò§Ö§Ù §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §Ú §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §Ò§Ö§Ù §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ?.? §³ §å§é§Ö§ä§à§Þ §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §è§Ö§Ý§î §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ ¡í 16 §á§â§Ö§Õ§å§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä ?§ã§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ý§ð§Ò§Ú§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ú §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ?. §°§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ó §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î§Ö §à§á§í§ä §§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú, §Ú§Ý§Ý§ð§ã§ä§â§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§Û §ä§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í, §ã §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ§Ú §á§â§Ú§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ, §á§í§ä§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ§ã§ñ §á§â§Ö§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ö§ä§î §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ, §á§à§Õ§é§Ö§â§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ñ§Ü§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ï§ä§à§Û §è§Ö§Ý§Ú.
?
§±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ
?
1§¡§Ó§ä§à§â§í §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ï§ä§à §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö ?§Ý§à§Ó§å§ê§Ü§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ?.
?
?
§³§á§Ú§ã§à§Ü §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í
Carlin, Ryan E., Gregory J. Love y Matthew M. Singer (2014). Una d¨¦cada de legitimidad democratica en las Am¨¦ricas. ln Cultura pol¨ªtica de la democracia en Colombia 2014: Dilemas de la democracia y desconfianza institucional en el marco del proceso de paz. Miguel Garcia Sanchez and others, eds. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University, USAID, pp. 105-140. §³ §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö: .
Collier, Paul, and others (2003). Breaking the conflict trap: civil war and development policy. A World Bank Policy Research Report, No. 56793. Washington, DC.: World Bank and Oxford University Press. §³ §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö: , pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Gates, Scott and others (2014). Development consequences of internal armed conflict. Conflict Trends, No. 03, Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). §³ §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö: .
Hinton, Nicole, and Daniel Montalvo? (2014). Crime and violence across the Americas. In The Political Culture of Democracy in the Americas, 2014: Democratic Governance across 10 Years of the Americas Barometer, Elizabeth J. Zechmeister, ed. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University, USAID, pp. 3-28. §³ §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö:? revlsed_011315_W.pdf.
Marshall, Monty G., and Benjamin R. Cole (2014). Global report 2014: conflict, governance and state fragility. Vienna, VA, USA: Center for Systemic Peace. §³ §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö:?.
Pinker, Steven (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. New York: Viking Books.
Singer, Matthew M., Ryan E. Carlin, and Gregory J. Love (2014). Economic development and perceived economic performance in the Americas. In The Political Culture of Democracy in the Americas, 2014: Democratic Governance across 10 Years of the Americas Barometer, Elizabeth J. Zechmeister, ed. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University, USAID, pp. 119-138. §³ §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö:? AB2014_Comparative_Report_English_V3_revised_011315_W.pdf.
§µ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §á§à §ß§Ñ§â§Ü§à§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Þ §Ú §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú (§µ§¯§± §°§°§¯) (2014 §Ô§à§Õ). Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Contexts, Data (Âé¶¹APP publications, Sales No. 14.1V.1, Vienna). §³ §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö:?.
§£§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Û §Ò§Ñ§ß§Ü (2015 §Ô§à§Õ). World? Development? Indicators. §³ §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö:?
.
?
?
?§·§â§à§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §°§°§¯??§ß§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Þ. §¥§Ý§ñ §ß§Ñ§ã §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ§ñ §é§Ö§ã§ä§î §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î§Ú §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à§á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ý§Ú§è §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§×§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ó§Ú§Õ§ß§í§ç §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §ã§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ. §£§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ó §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î§ñ§ç §Ó§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§í §Ú §Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§ä §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ñ§Þ §Ú §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §ß§Ö §ã§à§Ó§á§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ä§î §ã §à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §á§à§Ù§Ú§è§Ú§Ö§Û §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§×§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û. §±§à§Õ§à§Ò§ß§í§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ó §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î§ñ§ç, §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§ç §Ú §á§â§Ú§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è§í, §Ô§Ö§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §à§ä §à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û.?



