During 2021, political instability increased in many parts of Africa while socioeconomic conditions deteriorated following the COVID-19 outbreak and other global crises. Building on the analysis of the previous report, this report provides an assessment of the impact of politics and governance on conflict and sustainable development, including an exploration of the effect of colonial, political, legal and administrative structures on current shortcomings in African countries’ performance on governance. The report analyzes the formal territory of the State, the actual presence of the State throughout its territory, and the geographical presence of different population groups whose identities are affiliated with the State and that might exceed its formal borders. While assessing the role that traditional African institutions and African integration efforts can play, the report takes a historical perspective on governance challenges in Africa, focusing on governance and conflict trends since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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