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G 33G(33 ! sThe challenge to maintain contractual obligations The challenge of servicing debt according to ability to pay and maintaining debt sustainability The challenge of maintaining growth Basic principles required for restructuring Neutral arbitrator and assessor Transparency Adequate representation of debtors and creditors Efficiency Symmetry between creditor groups $33P.%33P$33P%33P$33P%33P$33P33,3333 t H$Existing Machinery 33  The Paris Club is an ad hoc machinery which emerged as a result of international cooperation and not an international agreement on financial architecture No legal status of agreements No voice for debtors. An OECD  creditor s club No in house technical capacity  reliant on IMF IMF  preferred creditor status with significant role in the Club Comparability of treatment from other creditors Negotiations are influenced by the foreign policy objectives of the creditor countries Conditionality *$33PP  9#The changing role of the Paris Club$$G$33 $ I%'Historical background of reform efforts(( 33 ( Late 1970s at the TDB  G77 called for a process sensitive to developing country needs G77 proposed and International Debt Commission Ended in failure for the G77 UNCTAD granted  observer status Codified principles and procedures of 20 yrs in a UN resolutionZ  J& %Issues in official debt restructuring&&G33% ROLE OF IMF Role of IMF as gatekeeper IMF s Technical support Conditionality PARIS CLUB International financial structure for official debt has flaws, leading to serial rescheduling and unsustainable debt Transparency an issue Signals to the private sector No legal status for comparable treatment form other creditors  %33ZA$33Z %33Z$33Z%33ZZZZ G33BC G33CCV&     T1.The role of the IMF in Paris Club negotiations//G33The IMF mediator in debt-restructuring agreements between debtor countries and official creditors But a country negotiating does not necessarily reflect debt distress. The financing of Fund Programs became dependent on debt relief  protected its own balance sheet This coincided with the build-up of arrears Bi-lateral flows have increasingly been used to pay International Financial Institutions The amount of debt relief is contingent upon a Fund Program and its estimate of financing gap and in recent times debt sustainability analysis. There problems with both these sets of estimates by the IMF (Cont.) `v33Zv33Z vfZZcF33X_    U2.The role of the IMF in Paris Club negotiations//G33 No compatibility between role as gatekeeper for concessional resources and creditor and therefore a stakeholder in the inflow of the same resources This conflict of interest entails that countries do not receive resources because of good policies and governance, but because they have a high debt burden. The problem of adverse selection. Bad policies receive more resources Except for HIPC, multilaterals as a creditor class are excluded from debt negotiations because of their preferred creditor status %fP" P" Pf" P" P" P: 0  V3IMF Forecasts Overoptimistic33  The dominant bottom-up (surveillance has a strong country orientation) approach yield consistently overoptimistic forecasts for certain regions Does not sufficiently pick policy spillovers in a global context IEO, IMF, September 2006 U.S. General Accounting office (2003) found that between 1990 and 2001, WEO forecasts for growth and inflation were optimistically biased for 57 countries under IMF supported programs JPPPPP  Y5Conditionality  Too many conditions led to weak compliance Did not lead to FS reform in many countries Shifting emphasis  from austerity  cutback in social investments - to investments in the social sector $33  #CThe IMF's Approach to Debt sustainability: Middle income countriesDDGf(Debt Sustainability means that the borrower is expected to be able to continue servicing the debt without requiring a large future correction in income and expenditure An unsustainable debt is generally associated with continually rising debt ratios over time For countries with assess to international capital markets, the concept of debt servicing is used rather than the distinction between liquidity and solvency Provided that market access is maintained liquidity is not a problem But liquidity problems can turn into solvency problems as a rise in cost and/or availability of finance feed into debt dynamics IMF also examines debt sustainability in the context of a given path of primary balance Sustainability assessment reflects cost and availability of finance, thus continuing debt servicing DZZ\ZZZZEZZZZXZZdZZ \  E  X d \  E  X e",Critique of IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis--Gf The focus is on debt dynamics and not debt sustainability suited to flow restr. The new approach succeeds in giving a broader range of debt dynamics including additional variables The optimal mix of the composition of debt and levels remain a problem The threshold levels to be used for the Evian Approach shrouded in mystery Even if a threshold level was defined, a ratio which is good for one country maybe a signal of distress for another or the same ratio may not be good for a country at a different point of the economic cycle The approach is geared towards keeping current on debt servicing Cannot provide early warning signals for insolvency Contingent liabilities need consideration It does not take into account the ability to pay and development objectives $33P%33PR$33PP G K   L ~Ih G K   O;%Problems with IMF debt sustainability&&G$33 & For a middle income country the ability to pay depends on the degree of trade openness. Threshold levels for debt to export ratios cannot be uniformly apply to all countries. GDP that is used as a dominator for threshold levels only reflects the size of the economy. Resources cannot be diverted from the non-tradable sector to the tradable sector to generate foreign exchange. Taxes are collected in domestic currency and debt payments are in foreign currency. A currency mismatch in the government s balance sheet. The IMF computes public debt to GDP ratios. Private sector liabilities are important, which may become public liabilities. The analysis is limited in capturing the spill-over effects in debt currency and banking problems. Extrapolation exercises cannot factor in the variability caused by increase in interest rates and fiscal tightening. Contingent liabilities are not considered in the exercise. Stable ratios may not necessary mean that debt is sustainable. Sustainable at what level? In the long run exchange rate misalignments in the region affect trade and capacity to repay. P$33PPB P QDebt sustainability analysis for low-income countries: A new World Bank approachRRGfQ  The World Bank has set out a debt Sustainability Framework (DSF) in June 2004 and IMF and World Bank (2006) for identifying countries in actual or potential distress situations leading to a formula for determining grant eligibility within the amounts allocated during the fourteenth replenishment of IDA. The key principle in the framework is to reduce the risk of debt service problems though grant funding while facilitating access to finance required by these countries to achieve the Millennium Development Goals The IDA allocations will be based on a Performance based evaluation system and per capita income. The level of debt distress estimated by these methods will determine the eligibility for access to grants. The DSF selects three debt ratios to judge debt sustainability. These are the ratio of present value of public and publicly guaranteed external debt to gross domestic product and to exports, and debt service on the same debt to exports. The framework further uses Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (CPIA) for country polices and institutional capability, and vulnerability to shocks and to classify countries by performance and different thresholds for different indicators. Governance factor given a higher weight relative to other factors. Policy dependent  conditional upon summary measure of policies (CPIA). To serve as a guide to lending and policy advice. "2$ZZZZ3Z1F B BB BF B BF B BF EB BIB B3B 1    > I 3 X4Critique of Joint Fund-Bank DSF (  What about returns on investments  too focused on the cost of funds Domestic and private debt not part of framework CPIA problematic  too much emphasis on governance It is more to do with IDA allocations Why a separate framework???$33   What is debt sustainability? G f Ability to pay without compromising on long-term development objectives or ability to service debts? A level of debt that is growth enhancing and not a hindrance to growth? A threshold level that aims at crisis prevention and takes the cyclical nature of capital flows into account? peZZZZeBBHBBoB0e H oL)M*DSerial Rescheduling: A Gap in International Financial Architecture ? EEgfD Serial reschedulingG$33PShort consolidation periods to keep debtors on a short leash Mistakes in projections by the IMF Problems diffrentiating between liquidity and solvency problems Snowballing debt because of bunching of repayments due to lower grace periods; market interest on non-ODA on new reschedulings; and new credits issued after rescheduling a" P" P" P" P=BB eBB B&] E  K'Salient features in the 1980s$33  In the 1980s the realization that serial rescheduling is futile in low income countries and debt reductions necessary Beginning of the process of debt reductions in low income countries A realistic approach to middle income countries was not considered   :Salient changes in the 1990sG 33  For the low income heavily indebted countries, generous debt reductions with a view to finance development expenditure For middle income countries and upper middle income countries the PC did not engage indebt reduction but began to apply the principle of burden sharing more broadly and unilaterally to force bondholders to reduce their claims on individual countries. In effect the G-7 used the PC for cutting back public resources required to resolve financial crisis in non-HIPCs by increasing the losses absorbed by bond holders.$33P  N+O,&What are the lessons learnt?$33  A neutral body is needed to make assessments of the amount and type of relief required. The technical work to support official debt restructuring needs to go beyond models based on those applied by the private sector that give exclusive priority to assessments of liquidity situations in countries affecting their debt servicing. More transparency is needed in official debt restructuring operations to include information on interest rates, the list of debts covered and penalty costs. There is a need to harmonize debtor and creditor reporting systems on bi-lateral debt to reconcile differences in the list of debt and amounts due. . fP{PPPB {B  (}  P-Q.R/C D T  ` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғ3y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> ~pL(  L L 6 " `}  X Click to edit Master title style!! ( L 04 " `  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!    S  L 0 "^ `  d*0C  L 0( "^   ^* 0C   L 0 "^ `  ^* 0C  H L 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.pf Default Design> 0 N(    0 z%   `*     0  ?%  b*   d  c $ ?XK    0  )  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!    S   6  z   `*     6  ?  b*   H  0.k ? 3380___PPT10.h= `((    Nv]v] z%   \* \..\\  Nv]v]  @%  ^* \..\\  Tv]v] z   \* \..\\  Tv]v]  @  ^* \..\\H  0.k ? ̙3380___PPT10.gH6R iaP D(  D D c $H6\L \ >L Clubbing in Paris Is Debt Sustainability an Illusion ? Benu SchneiderMG33G$33F$33$G$33F$33F$33G$33:;     [ D 0b\ The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the Financing for Development Office, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN"0(2C   D ^A  L ffdo"`Xl \H D 0޽h ? fГ̳t___PPT10i.@R+D=' = @B +     8 (  r  S X\L@   \   < 0P MDebt to MultilateralsC  <x\  P RDebt to official creditorsC  <x\ P PDebt to commercial BanksC   <\0P A Bond debt  C   <\   p8No, it cannot be restructured except for HIPC countries99Cd  <P\ @  Yes, at the Paris Club The terms of treatment are determined on the basis of per capita and debt ratios (require bilateral agreements after Paris Club agreements) or Bilateral agreementsC  <\   HYes, London ClubC  <\ p0P  VYes, with and without collective action clauses e.g. Pakistan Ukraine Ecuador Belize WWCXB  0DP` XB  0DP ` XB  0DPpp` XB  0DP` H  0޽h ? fГ̳ty___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   0(   x   c $\L `}  \ x   c $|\L ` \ H   0޽h ? fГ̳t___PPT10i.)@쾞+D=' = @B +}  $(  r  S l!L `}   r  S l4L `  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.+D=' = @B +X  og(  x  c $XL `}   G  c $HaLI in VN___PPT90( }The Paris Club today is dealing with three sets of problems Liquidity problems Solvency problems Debt relief for development expenditure The treatment accorded may sometimes be the same for all three sets of problems ^<%33M" P%33<MQ  p`PpH  0޽h ? fГ̳t___PPT10i..@+D=' = @B +}  $(  r  S llL `}   r  S ,mL `  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.SI+D=' = @B +\ sk(    c $pL@  _Second international debate in 2002 SDRM (2002) IMF proposed to incorporate the Paris Club in a permanent machinery Ended in failure Strains in Paris Club New creditors Dominance of private capital flows Serial rescheduling LF33G  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.+D=' = @B +m  $(  r  S `L0   r  S  L `  H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +y  0(  x  c $苛L@`   x  c $L   H  0޽h ? fГ̳ty___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +y  0(  x  c $L@`P   x  c $L  H  0޽h ? fГ̳ty___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0(  x  c $ ěL `}   x  c $ěL `  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.pZ0+D=' = @B +}  $(  r  S CL `}   r  S @L `  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.+D=' = @B +m  P$(  r  S c cc C   x S 'p x   Agreement with the Paris Club b  ##c C s x S /px @  %{- Further increase in debt servicing because non-ODA is negotiated at market interest rates - Bunching of repayments 6&V {c C P% #     x S `8p x Pp g 4In the near future repayment problems surface again 84 3c C 3  -x S ?p-x  Liquidity /Solvency Problems T ##c C   .x S pGp.x  ' Agreement with the Fund - a new loan T' ##%c C $ / /x S XNp/x0 9Agreement allows new credits from Paris Club Creditors h9 #6c C c  C  6  0x S Wp0x 0 NThis cycle continues leading to higher levels of debt-stock and debt-servicingO Oc N  1x S \[p1x 0 g A new arrangement with the Fund*  c (   RB 2x s *DRB 3x s *D RB 4x s *D RB 8x s *D @@ LB x s *D`PRB ?x s *Dp 0 RB @x s *DLB Kx c $DPLB Lx@ c $DPPRB Mx s *DP  Px S >pPxPp &Increase in debt and debt servicing J& %c c C  ' XB Xx 0DPPPXB Yx 0DPRB Zx s *DpP RB [x@ s *DP P P XB \x 0DP P P XB ^x 0DH x 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +y  0(  x  c $pL  p x  c $ܤpL p H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +}  $(  r  S (L `}   r  S L `  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.F+D=' = @B +   $0(  $x $ c $L `}   x $ c $,L `  H $ 0޽h ? fГ̳t___PPT10i./>6+D=' = @B + (  P  C (Aarrears5H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.Ř#A+D=' = @B + (  R  C *APicture1e{H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.Ƙo+D=' = @B +  :(  r  S upL00  p   S |pLp @` p "p`PpH  0޽h ? fГ̳ty___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +! 80@(    c $pLI@ p $A simplified process is needed so that the Paris Club negotiation and bi-lateral negotiation process can be merged into a single process. Keeping countries on a short leash with burdening conditionality is self-defeating. Debtor voice is needed both in the design of the machinery and in negotiations. Serial-rescheduling leads to rising debt service requirements and makes debt sustainability targets an illusion. <ZZZZ  p`PpH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.PY+D=' = @B +y ` (    c $pL@ p |A fair debt restructuring mechanism needs to look at repayments made on the original loan contract and amounts due from the costs of rescheduling. The pros and cons of using Paris Club procedures for financing development expenditure in counties that do not have an existing debt problem need to be understood. A comparative cost-benefit analysis with other sources of finance is needed. The Paris Club rescheduling is seen as a signal of debt distress and impacts spreads and future costs of borrowing from the private sector. &ZZ  p`PpH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.p+D=' = @B + pE(     c $PpL@ p ; A possible step Set up a committee at the UN examine options for reforming the financial architecture for debt negotiations and re-examine the proposal the G-77 made in the late 1970s for an International Debt Commission along with other proposals that have been tabled by experts in the intervening years..<Z9; H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.@v+D=' = @B +  \&(  \,    \ #"l#  % s\ <X[?  Spreads in 2003 fell slightly on longer-term debt, while rising more on shorter-term debt. Bank lending increased after 2000, going against regional and aggregate trend (e.g. all developing countries). No data on bank lending for 2003 agreement. Trade credits increased after 2000. N U        @`  r\ <0U?Y  8Paris Club (Houston) Paris Club (Houston) London Club 99  9  @` q\ <f?.Y /June 13, 2003 September 15, 2000 August 2000 00  0  @` o\ B$w?Y  t PC/LC Terms "      @` n\ Bh?.Y dDate    @` m\ B?. "ECUADOR Reschedulings (1996-2005) :"  #  @`fB v\ 6o ? `B x\ 01 ? fB y\ 6o ? fB z\ 6o ? `B {\ 01 ?..`B |\ 01 ?YYfB }\ 6o ?  `B \ 01 ?.     \ #"i  i \ < ?  1Spreads fell by half after the December 2001 agreement. Data is still unavailable for previous agreements. Bank lending rose after every Paris Club agreement. For the 1999 agreement, this went against the general fall in regional and aggregate banking flows. For the 2001/3 agreements, it followed the trends. There are no London Club agreements in the GDF files. Multilateral Claims rose after the 1999 agreement, and fell after the 2001 agreements. Trade credits fell, stayed level and rose for the 1999, jan 2001 and Dec 2001 agreements respectively. d2 f    E  [ &  -  @` \ <l ?V @Paris Club (Ad-hoc) Paris Club (Houston) Paris Club (Houston) AA  A  @` \ <d ?V 5December 14, 2001 January 23, 2001 January 30,1999 66  6  @` \ Bp ?V  PC/LC Terms .      @` \ B ?V bDate    @` \ B ?  $PAKISTAN Reschedulings (1996-2005) :$   %  @`lB \ <o ? fB \ 61 ? lB \ <o ? lB \ <o ?  fB \ 61 ?fB \ 61 ?VVlB \ <o ?fB \ 61 ?H \ 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.JG+D=' = @B +x  /p(  p.  <  /p #"<  H p <| ?  @Bank lending increased after the 1996 PC agreement. For the LC agreement, it fell sharply the month after the agreement. Multilateral claims increased slightly after the 1996 PC agreement, then rose substantially after the LC agreement. Trade credits rose after the 1996 PC agreement, and fell after the LC agreement. NA  n  b  E  A  @`  p < ?  i London Club      @`  p < ?  k November 1996    @`  p B ?<  t PC/LC Terms "      @`  p BT  ?< dDate    @`  p Bd ?<   Peru Reschedulings (1996-2005) :   !  @`lB p <o ?< <fB p 61 ? lB p <o ? lB p <o ?<fB p 61 ?< fB p 61 ?< lB p <o ? < fB p 61 ?   m <]6 *p #".4<m ] c p <L, ?m x]6 ESpreads rose for the 1999 PC agreement, while they fell for both LC agreements. Bank lending rose for each LC agreement and fell for each PC agreement. For the PC agreements, this went against regional trends, and aggregate trends in the 1996 case. For the LC agreements, this was in line with both trends in 1998 and against in 2000. Multilateral claims did not move significantly except for a fall after the 1998 LC agreement, although this was part of a previous negative trend. Trade credits did not move significantly except for a large increase after the 1996 agreement. dF J      S  F  @` p <6 ? ]]x BLondon Club Paris Club (Ad-hoc) London Club Paris Club (Ad-hoc)CC  C  @` p < ?C] x <February 2000 August 1, 1999 November 1998 April 29, 1996==  =  @` p BA ? <]] t PC/LC Terms "      @` p B R ?C< ] dDate    @` p B@T ?m <Cx "Russia Reschedulings (1996-2005) :"  #  @`lB  p <o ?m <]<fB !p 61 ?m x]xlB "p <o ?m 6]6lB #p <o ?m <m 6fB $p 61 ?C<CxfB %p 61 ? < xlB &p <o ?]<]6fB 'p 61 ?C]]]H p 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.P'+D=' = @B +r`s]UWm}" W&5l790 ̨@ abxC Hl3̲I2RT0ʙK̞X ҭ]? YYb(@ 5N/ 0|DTimes New Roman8 08z[ 00DArialNew Roman8 08z[ 00" DTahomaew ROh+'0T px   $Evian ApproachUser Apser FfD Officea200Microsoft PowerPointP@@@pخK @H@Pd GSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___wwwff4'A x(xKʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙f3333f3333333333f3333333f3f33ff3f3f3f3333f3333333f3̙33333f333ff3ffffff3f33f3ff3f3f3ffff3fffffffff3fffffff3f̙ffff3ff333f3ff33fff33f3ff̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff̙̙3̙f̙̙̙3f̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙3ffffffffff!___wwwüݽݼü¼üݽ½ý¼ݼ¼¼ݼû¼¼üs޻sxrr⼼srsmrmrrsrݘ¼½ý޽"_`} FfD OfficeFfD Office    jOn-screen Show Unctade}J A &Times New RomanArialTahomaVerdana WingdingsDefault DesignSlide 1Debt Restructuring!Challenges in restructuring debtExisting Machinery$The changing role of the Paris Club(Historical background of reform effortsSlide 7&Issues in official debt restructuring/The role of the IMF in Paris Club negotiations/The role of the IMF in Paris Club negotiationsIMF Forecasts OveroptimisticConditionalityDThe IMF's Approach to Debt sustainability: Middle income countries-Critique of IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis&Problems with IMF debt sustainabilityRDebt sustainability analysis for low-income countries: A new World Bank approach Critique of Joint Fund-Bank DSFWhat is debt sustainability? Slide 19 Slide 20ESerial Rescheduling: A Gap in International Financial Architecture ?Serial reschedulingSalient features in the 1980sSalient changes in the 1990s Slide 25 Slide 26What are the lessons learnt? Slide 28 Slide 29 Slide 30 Slide 31 Slide 32  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles "_ FfD OfficeFfD Office  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{}~Root EntrydO)P@PicturesCurrent User>SummaryInformation(|UPowerPoint Document(}DocumentSummaryInformation8oman8 08z[ 00"0DVerdanaw Roman8 08z[ 00"@DWingdingsRoman8 08z[ 00 C0.  @n?" dd@  @@`` # _     a   "# % ') .0 9:;<>?@ADFGLMNOP_"$v[&>HE R$twVPd9)]#]D b$svh_+HRR$C|#8xj c@fJmb$ة$zI>e# <AA ff33̙@@QR ʚ;1t8ʚ;g4_d_dPz[ 0<ppp@ <4dd| 0`H<4dddd| 0`H <4KdKd|< 0g4NdNdPz[ 0pp pb___PPT10B pp.*Schneider.[___PPT9=nXuBN\aR~PNG  IHDR [AsRGB!PLTE3ff33ff33f33ff3f3n cmPPJCmp0712 7tRNS A\IDATWcPR(TRbPJgdTbP+XĠ !(Pȸb{"dAa Q\Q Z\ $$ (YRRXͫʆ-IENDB`z&1? %O  = SADebt RestructuringG$f  7 Challenges in restructuring debt2! G 33G(33 ! sThe challenge to maintain contractual obligations The challenge of servicing debt according to ability to pay and maintaining debt sustainability The challenge of maintaining growth Basic principles required for restructuring Neutral arbitrator and assessor Transparency Adequate representation of debtors and creditors Efficiency Symmetry between creditor groups $33P.%33P$33P%33P$33P%33P$33P33,3333 t H$Existing Machinery 33  The Paris Club is an ad hoc machinery which emerged as a result of international cooperation and not an international agreement on financial architecture No legal status of agreements No voice for debtors. An OECD  creditor s club No in house technical capacity  reliant on IMF IMF  preferred creditor status with significant role in the Club Comparability of treatment from other creditors Negotiations are influenced by the foreign policy objectives of the creditor countries Conditionality *$33PP  9#The changing role of the Paris Club$$G$33 $ I%'Historical background of reform efforts(( 33 ( Late 1970s at the TDB  G77 called for a process sensitive to developing country needs G77 proposed and International Debt Commission Ended in failure for the G77 UNCTAD granted  observer status Codified principles and procedures of 20 yrs in a UN resolutionZ  J& %Issues in official debt restructuring&&G33% ROLE OF IMF Role of IMF as gatekeeper IMF s Technical support Conditionality PARIS CLUB International financial structure for official debt has flaws, leading to serial rescheduling and unsustainable debt Transparency an issue Signals to the private sector No legal status for comparable treatment form other creditors  %33ZA$33Z %33Z$33Z%33ZZZZ G33BC G33CCV&     T1.The role of the IMF in Paris Club negotiations//G33The IMF mediator in debt-restructuring agreements between debtor countries and official creditors But a country negotiating does not necessarily reflect debt distress. The financing of Fund Programs became dependent on debt relief  protected its own balance sheet This coincided with the build-up of arrears Bi-lateral flows have increasingly been used to pay International Financial Institutions The amount of debt relief is contingent upon a Fund Program and its estimate of financing gap and in recent times debt sustainability analysis. There problems with both these sets of estimates by the IMF (Cont.) `v33Zv33Z vfZZcF33X_    U2.The role of the IMF in Paris Club negotiations//G33 No compatibility between role as gatekeeper for concessional resources and creditor and therefore a stakeholder in the inflow of the same resources This conflict of interest entails that countries do not receive resources because of good policies and governance, but because they have a high debt burden. The problem of adverse selection. Bad policies receive more resources Except for HIPC, multilaterals as a creditor class are excluded from debt negotiations because of their preferred creditor status %fP" P" Pf" P" P" P: 0  V3IMF Forecasts Overoptimistic33  The dominant bottom-up (surveillance has a strong country orientation) approach yield consistently overoptimistic forecasts for certain regions Does not sufficiently pick policy spillovers in a global context IEO, IMF, September 2006 U.S. General Accounting office (2003) found that between 1990 and 2001, WEO forecasts for growth and inflation were optimistically biased for 57 countries under IMF supported programs JPPPPP  Y5Conditionality  Too many conditions led to weak compliance Did not lead to FS reform in many countries Shifting emphasis  from austerity  cutback in social investments - to investments in the social sector $33  #CThe IMF's Approach to Debt sustainability: Middle income countriesDDGf(Debt Sustainability means that the borrower is expected to be able to continue servicing the debt without requiring a large future correction in income and expenditure An unsustainable debt is generally associated with continually rising debt ratios over time For countries with assess to international capital markets, the concept of debt servicing is used rather than the distinction between liquidity and solvency Provided that market access is maintained liquidity is not a problem But liquidity problems can turn into solvency problems as a rise in cost and/or availability of finance feed into debt dynamics IMF also examines debt sustainability in the context of a given path of primary balance Sustainability assessment reflects cost and availability of finance, thus continuing debt servicing DZZ\ZZZZEZZZZXZZdZZ \  E  X d \  E  X e",Critique of IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis--Gf The focus is on debt dynamics and not debt sustainability suited to flow restr. The new approach succeeds in giving a broader range of debt dynamics including additional variables The optimal mix of the composition of debt and levels remain a problem The threshold levels to be used for the Evian Approach shrouded in mystery Even if a threshold level was defined, a ratio which is good for one country maybe a signal of distress for another or the same ratio may not be good for a country at a different point of the economic cycle The approach is geared towards keeping current on debt servicing Cannot provide early warning signals for insolvency Contingent liabilities need consideration It does not take into account the ability to pay and development objectives $33P%33PR$33PP G K   L ~Ih G K   O;%Problems with IMF debt sustainability&&G$33 & For a middle income country the ability to pay depends on the degree of trade openness. Threshold levels for debt to export ratios cannot be uniformly apply to all countries. GDP that is used as a dominator for threshold levels only reflects the size of the economy. Resources cannot be diverted from the non-tradable sector to the tradable sector to generate foreign exchange. Taxes are collected in domestic currency and debt payments are in foreign currency. A currency mismatch in the government s balance sheet. The IMF computes public debt to GDP ratios. Private sector liabilities are important, which may become public liabilities. The analysis is limited in capturing the spill-over effects in debt currency and banking problems. Extrapolation exercises cannot factor in the variability caused by increase in interest rates and fiscal tightening. Contingent liabilities are not considered in the exercise. Stable ratios may not necessary mean that debt is sustainable. Sustainable at what level? In the long run exchange rate misalignments in the region affect trade and capacity to repay. P$33PPB P QDebt sustainability analysis for low-income countries: A new World Bank approachRRGfQ  The World Bank has set out a debt Sustainability Framework (DSF) in June 2004 and IMF and World Bank (2006) for identifying countries in actual or potential distress situations leading to a formula for determining grant eligibility within the amounts allocated during the fourteenth replenishment of IDA. The key principle in the framework is to reduce the risk of debt service problems though grant funding while facilitating access to finance required by these countries to achieve the Millennium Development Goals The IDA allocations will be based on a Performance based evaluation system and per capita income. The level of debt distress estimated by these methods will determine the eligibility for access to grants. The DSF selects three debt ratios to judge debt sustainability. These are the ratio of present value of public and publicly guaranteed external debt to gross domestic product and to exports, and debt service on the same debt to exports. The framework further uses Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (CPIA) for country polices and institutional capability, and vulnerability to shocks and to classify countries by performance and different thresholds for different indicators. Governance factor given a higher weight relative to other factors. Policy dependent  conditional upon summary measure of policies (CPIA). To serve as a guide to lending and policy advice. "2$ZZZZ3Z1F B BB BF B BF B BF EB BIB B3B 1    > I 3 X4Critique of Joint Fund-Bank DSF (  What about returns on investments  too focused on the cost of funds Domestic and private debt not part of framework CPIA problematic  too much emphasis on governance It is more to do with IDA allocations Why a separate framework???$33   What is debt sustainability? G f Ability to pay without compromising on long-term development objectives or ability to service debts? A level of debt that is growth enhancing and not a hindrance to growth? A threshold level that aims at crisis prevention and takes the cyclical nature of capital flows into account? peZZZZeBBHBBoB0e H oL)M*DSerial Rescheduling: A Gap in International Financial Architecture ? EEgfD Serial reschedulingG$33PShort consolidation periods to keep debtors on a short leash Mistakes in projections by the IMF Problems diffrentiating between liquidity and solvency problems Snowballing debt because of bunching of repayments due to lower grace periods; market interest on non-ODA on new reschedulings; and new credits issued after rescheduling a" P" P" P" P=BB eBB B&] E  K'Salient features in the 1980s$33  In the 1980s the realization that serial rescheduling is futile in low income countries and debt reductions necessary Beginning of the process of debt reductions in low income countries A realistic approach to middle income countries was not considered   :Salient changes in the 1990sG 33  For the low income heavily indebted countries, generous debt reductions with a view to finance development expenditure For middle income countries and upper middle income countries the PC did not engage indebt reduction but began to apply the principle of burden sharing more broadly and unilaterally to force bondholders to reduce their claims on individual countries. In effect the G-7 used the PC for cutting back public resources required to resolve financial crisis in non-HIPCs by increasing the losses absorbed by bond holders.$33P  N+O,&What are the lessons learnt?$33  A neutral body is needed to make assessments of the amount and type of relief required. The technical work to support official debt restructuring needs to go beyond models based on those applied by the private sector that give exclusive priority to assessments of liquidity situations in countries affecting their debt servicing. More transparency is needed in official debt restructuring operations to include information on interest rates, the list of debts covered and penalty costs. There is a need to harmonize debtor and creditor reporting systems on bi-lateral debt to reconcile differences in the list of debt and amounts due. . fP{PPPB {B  (}  P-Q.R/C D r? P}Y ՜.+,0    jOn-screen Show Unctade}J A &Times New RomanArialTahomaVerdana WingdingsDefault DesignSlide 1Debt Restructuring!Challenges in restructuring debtExisting Machinery$The changing role of the Paris Club(Historical background of reform effortsSlide 7&Issues in official debt restructuring/The role of the IMF in Paris Club negotiations/The role of the IMF in Paris Club negotiationsIMF Forecasts OveroptimisticConditionalityDThe IMF's Approach to Debt sustainability: Middle income countries-Critique of IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis&Problems with IMF debt sustainabilityRDebt sustainability analysis for low-income countries: A new World Bank approach Critique of Joint Fund-Bank DSFWhat is debt sustainability? Slide 19 Slide 20ESerial Rescheduling: A Gap in International Financial Architecture ?Serial reschedulingSalient features in the 1980sSalient changes in the 1990s Slide 25 Slide 26What are the lessons learnt? Slide 28 Slide 29 Slide 30 Slide 31 Slide 32  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles