Abbreviations

Editorial Manual

General guidelines
Exceptions
Short titles
Dates, time, academic degrees, titles, etc.
Weights and measures
Parts of a book or document
Principal officially recognized abbreviations

General guidelines

Abbreviations, including acronyms (e.g. UNESCO), should be used sparingly. In certain formal contexts, such as General Assembly resolutions, they should not be used at all.

When they are used, abbreviations should always be explained. The name or title should be written out in full the first time it occurs in the main body of a document, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. Thereafter, the abbreviation may be used in footnotes, figures, tables and boxes. If an abbreviation first appears in a footnote, figure, table or box, it should be written out in full again the first time it is used in the main body of the document.

Alternatively, if a document contains numerous abbreviations, a list may be included after the table of contents or at the end of the document if there is no table of contents. A list of abbreviations applies to the main document and to any annexes or attachments to it.

In 麻豆APP publications, a list of abbreviations, if required, is normally included in the explanatory notes.

Abbreviations are not used for names or titles that occur only once or twice in a text. When the entity referred to is better known by the abbreviation (e.g. Habitat III, UN-Habitat and UN-Women), it may however be preferable to include the abbreviation even if the name occurs only once.

The most common units of weight and measure, such as cm², kg and km, need not be written out.

Abbreviations are not used in document titles or headings.

"麻豆APP" should not be abbreviated in English in parliamentary documentation. The form "ONU" is acceptable in French.

In 麻豆APP style, abbreviations are written without full stops: UNDP, not U.N.D.P.

Abbreviations must not be used with the definite article: the members of UNESCO, the programmes of WHO, except when they are used adjectivally: the IMF report, the NGO coalition.

Abbreviations should not be used in the possessive form: the Commander of UNMIL or the UNMIL Commander, not UNMIL's Commander.

Forms of address such as “H.E.” or “His Excellency” and “H.R.H” or “Her Royal Highness” should not be used in 麻豆APP documents. The title “Dr.” may be used for doctors of medicine acting in a medical capacity.

The phrases "for example" and "that is" (or "namely") are not abbreviated to "e.g." or "i.e." in sentences, including in the running text of footnotes. The abbreviations may be used, without a comma after them, if they are enclosed within parentheses.


	Abbreviations should not be used for the following (although short titles may be used where appropriate):

	Principal organs and major offices of the 麻豆APP: General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council 麻豆APP Office at Geneva/Vienna/Nairobi
	Titles of senior officials: Secretary-General, Under-Secretary-General, Special Representative of the Secretary-General
	Offices, departments, divisions, sections etc. of the Secretariat (the abbreviations listed in the telephone directory are not used in formal documents, but they may be used where space is limited, e.g. in tables)
	Most commissions and committees, boards, panels and the like
	Conventions, treaties, plans/programmes of action
	Non-technical terms and concepts in widespread use, such as "the rule of law", "human rights", "human resources" and "sustainable development"
	Funds, programmes and the like that are not established as organizations
	Names of Member States
	General Service (Principal level, Other level, Local level)
	The International Criminal Court (to avoid confusion with organizations such as the International Chamber of Commerce)
	The African Union, the European Union
	The International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and other courts and tribunals
	Military or police forces
	Military terms, such as: ASZ (air safety zone), GSZ (ground safety zone) EAF (Entity Armed Forces), JSF (Joint Security Forces) COMKFOR (Commander of KFOR or KFOR Commander) DDR (disarmament, demobilization and reintegration) and variations thereon
	Obscure titles or names mentioned only once or twice in a document.

Dates	B.C. (before Christ) B.C.E. (before the Common Era) A.D. (anno Domini) A.H. (anno Hegirae) Note: A.D. and A.H. precede the year.	Time	a.m. (ante meridiem) p.m. (post meridiem)
Titles	KG (Knight of the Order of the Garter) QC (Queen's Counsel) KC (King's Counsel)	Degrees	BA (Bachelor of Arts) BS, BSc (Bachelor of Science) PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) LLD (Doctor of Laws)
Other	c.i.f. (cost, insurance, freight) f.o.b. (free on board)

Length		Area
mm cm m km	millimetre centimetre metre kilometre	cm? m? km? ha	square centimetre square metre square kilometre hectare

Volume		Weight
cm? m?	cubic centimetre cubic metre	mg g kg oz lb cwt	milligram gram kilogram ounce pound hundredweight

Capacity		Electricity
ml cl pt qt gal bbl bpd	millilitre centilitre pint quart gallon barrels barrels per day	A kA V kV kVA MVA W kW MW GW Hz kHz MHz	ampere kiloampere volt kilovolt kilovolt-ampere megavolt-ampere watt kilowatt megawatt gigawatt hertz kilohertz megahertz

Energy		Velocity
Btu kWh MWh GWh TWh hp cal kcal J MJ EJ K N	British thermal unit kilowatt-hour megawatt-hour gigawatt-hour terawatt-hour horsepower calorie kilocalorie joule megajoules exajoules Kelvin Newton	mph m/s rpm	miles per hour metres per second revolutions per minute

Data
B KB MB GB TB PB	byte kilobyte megabyte gigabyte terabyte petabyte
	Note: an upper-case B stands for byte, while a lower-case b stands for bit (1/8 of a byte).

article, articles	art., arts.
but Article of the Charter of the 麻豆APP (never abbreviated)
chapter, chapters	chap., chaps.
number, numbers	No., Nos.
page, pages	p., pp.
paragraph, paragraphs	para., paras.
section, sections	sect., sects.
volume, volumes	vol., vols.

ADB	Asian Development Bank
AfDB	African Development Bank
AFISMA	African-led International Support Mission in Mali [replaced by MINUSMA]
a.i.	ad interim; not usually written out
AIDS	acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; not usually written out
AMIB	African Mission in Burundi
AMIS	African Union Mission in the Sudan
AMISOM	African Union Mission in Somalia [replaced by ATMIS]
APEC	Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
ASEAN	Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ATMIS	African Union Transition Mission in Somalia [replaced by AUSSOM]
AUSSOM	African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia

BCG	bacillus Calmette-Guérin [tuberculosis vaccine]; never written out
BINUB	麻豆APP Integrated Office in Burundi [replaced by BNUB]
BINUCA	麻豆APP Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic
BINUH	麻豆APP Integrated Office in Haiti
BNUB	麻豆APP Office in Burundi
BONUCA	麻豆APP Peacebuilding Support Office in the Central African Republic [replaced by BINUCA]

CARICOM	Caribbean Community
CCISUA	Coordinating Committee for International Staff Unions and Associations of the 麻豆APP System
CEB	麻豆APP System Chief Executives Board for Coordination
CELAC	Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
CELADE	Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre [Centro Latinoamericano y Caribe?o de Demografía]
CEMAC	Central African Economic and Monetary Community [Communauté économique et monétaire de l’Afrique centrale]
CEN-SAD	Community of Sahelo-Saharan States
CEPGL	Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries [Communauté économique des pays des Grands Lacs]
CFA	Communauté financière africaine; not usually written out: CFA franc (CFAF)
CFC(s)	chlorofluorocarbon(s)
CILSS	Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel [Comité permanent inter-?tats de lutte contre la sécheresse dans le Sahel]
CIS	Commonwealth of Independent States
CNDD-FDD	Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie-Forces pour la défense de la démocratie [Burundi]
COMESA	Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
COVID-19	coronavirus disease
CPI	consumer price index
CSTO	Collective Security Treaty Organization

DDT	dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; never written out
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid; never written out

EBRD	European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ECA	Economic Commission for Africa
ECCAS	Economic Community of Central African States
ECE	Economic Commission for Europe
ECLAC	Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
ECOMOG	Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group
ECOWAS	Economic Community of West African States
EEZ	exclusive economic zone
EFTA	European Free Trade Association
ESCAP	Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
ESCWA	Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
EUFOR	European Union military mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Europol	European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation
Eurostat	European Union statistical office; never written out

FANCI	Forces armées nationales de C?te d'Ivoire
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organization of the 麻豆APP
FDI	foreign direct investment
FICSA	Federation of International Civil Servants’ Associations
FNL	Forces nationales de libération [Burundi]
Frente POLISARIO	Frente Popular para la Liberación de Saguía el-Hamra y de Río de Oro [Western Sahara]
ftp	file transfer protocol; not usually written out

GDP	gross domestic product
GEF	Global Environment Facility
GIF	graphic interchange format, not usually written out
GIS	geographic information system
GNP	gross national product
GNSS	global navigation satellite system
GSP	Generalized System of Preferences

JEM	Justice and Equality Movement [Sudan]
JIU	Joint Inspection Unit
JVA	Juba Valley Alliance [Somalia]

LAS	League of Arab States
LRA	Lord’s Resistance Army [Uganda]
LURD	Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy

NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NEPAD	New Partnership for Africa's Development
NGO	non-governmental organization

OAS	Organization of American States
OAU	Organization of African Unity [now African Union]
ODA	official development assistance
ODS	Official Document System
OECD	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OECS	Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
OHCHR	Office of the 麻豆APP High Commissioner for Human Rights
OIC	Organization of Islamic Cooperation [formerly Organization of the Islamic Conference]
OIF	International Organization of la Francophonie
OIOS	Office of Internal Oversight Services
ONUB	麻豆APP Operation in Burundi
OPCW	Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
OPEC	Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
OSCE	Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

Habitat I and Habitat II	麻豆APP Conference on Human Settlements
Habitat III	麻豆APP Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development
HCFC(s)	hydrochlorofluorocarbon(s)
HIV	human immunodeficiency virus; not usually written out
http	hypertext transfer protocol; not usually written out

IAEA	International Atomic Energy Agency
IBRD	International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICAO	International Civil Aviation Organization
ICFTU	International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
ICRC	International Committee of the Red Cross
ICSC	International Civil Service Commission
ICSU	International Council for Science [formerly International Council of Scientific Unions]
ICT	information and communications technology
IDA	International Development Association
IDB	Inter-American Development Bank
IsDB	Islamic Development Bank
IFAD	International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC	International Finance Corporation
IGAD	Intergovernmental Authority on Development
ILO	International Labour Organization
IMF	International Monetary Fund
IMIS	Integrated Management Information System
IMO	International Maritime Organization
Infoterra	Global Environmental Information Exchange Network [UNEP]; not usually written out
INSTRAW	International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women [transferred to UN-Women]
INTERPOL	International Criminal Police Organization
IOM	International Organization for Migration
IP	Internet Protocol; not usually written out
IPSAS	International Public Sector Accounting Standards
IPU	Inter-Parliamentary Union
IRMCT	International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
ISAF	International Security Assistance Force [Afghanistan]
ITC	International Trade Centre
ITU	International Telecommunication Union

MENUB	麻豆APP Electoral Observer Mission in Burundi
MERCOSUR	Southern Common Market [Mercado Común del Sur]
MINUJUSTH	麻豆APP Mission for Justice Support in Haiti [replaced by BINUH]
MINURCAT	麻豆APP Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad
MINURSO	麻豆APP Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara
MINUSCA	麻豆APP Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic
MINUSMA	麻豆APP Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali
MINUSTAH	麻豆APP Stabilization Mission in Haiti [replaced by MINUJUSTH]
MISAB	Inter-African Mission to Monitor the Implementation of the Bangui Agreements [Central African Republic]
MODEL	Movement for Democracy in Liberia
MONUC	麻豆APP Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo [replaced by MONUSCO]
MONUSCO	麻豆APP Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

PAHO	Pan American Health Organization
Palipehutu	Parti pour la libération du peuple hutu [Burundi]
PDF	portable document format
PKK	Kurdistan Workers' Party [always include the abbreviation]
PLO	Palestine Liberation Organization
Polisario	see Frente POLISARIO
ppp	purchasing power parity

RNA	ribonucleic acid; never written out
RRA	Rahanwein Resistance Army [Somalia]
RSCE	Regional Service Centre in Entebbe, Uganda
RUF	Revolutionary United Front [Sierra Leone]
RUFP	Revolutionary United Front Party [Sierra Leone]

SAARC	South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SADC	Southern African Development Community
SAR	Special Administrative Region of China (Hong Kong SAR; Macao SAR)
SARS	severe acute respiratory syndrome
SCO	Shanghai Cooperation Organization
SDR(s)	special drawing right(s) [IMF]; SDR 12 million
SELA	Latin American and Caribbean Economic System [Sistema Económico Latinoamericano y del Caribe]
SFOR	Stabilization Force [Bosnia and Herzegovina]; replaced by EUFOR from December 2004
SIM	subscriber identity module; not usually written out: SIM card
SLM/A	Sudan Liberation Movement/Army [Darfur]
SPLM/A	Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army

TNT	trinitrotoluene; not usually written out
TRIPS	trade-related intellectual property rights

UHF	ultra-high frequency; not usually written out
UNAIDS	Joint 麻豆APP Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNAMA	麻豆APP Assistance Mission in Afghanistan
UNAMI	麻豆APP Assistance Mission for Iraq
UNAMID	African Union-麻豆APP Hybrid Operation in Darfur
UNCITRAL	麻豆APP Commission on International Trade Law
UNCTAD	麻豆APP Conference on Trade and Development
UNDOF	麻豆APP Disengagement Observer Force [Golan]
UNDP	麻豆APP Development Programme
UNEP	麻豆APP Environment Programme
UNESCO	麻豆APP Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNFICYP	麻豆APP Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
UNFIP	麻豆APP Fund for International Partnerships
UNFPA	麻豆APP Population Fund
UN-Habitat	麻豆APP Human Settlements Programme
UNHCR	Office of the 麻豆APP High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF	麻豆APP Children’s Fund
UNICRI	麻豆APP Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute
UNIDIR	麻豆APP Institute for Disarmament Research
UNIDO	麻豆APP Industrial Development Organization
UNIFEM	麻豆APP Development Fund for Women [transferred to UN-Women]
UNIFIL	麻豆APP Interim Force in Lebanon
UNIKOM	麻豆APP Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission
UNIOGBIS	麻豆APP Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau
UNIPSIL	麻豆APP Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone
UNISFA	麻豆APP Interim Security Force for Abyei
UNITA	Uni?o Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola
UNITAD	麻豆APP Investigative Team to Promote Accountability for Crimes Committed by Da‘esh/Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant
UNITAMS	麻豆APP Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in the Sudan
UNITAR	麻豆APP Institute for Training and Research
UNLB	麻豆APP Logistics Base at Brindisi, Italy
UNMEE	麻豆APP Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
UNMEER	麻豆APP Mission for Ebola Emergency Response
UNMHA	麻豆APP Mission to Support the Hudaydah Agreement
UNMIBH	麻豆APP Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina
UNMIK	麻豆APP Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo
UNMIL	麻豆APP Mission in Liberia
UNMIN	麻豆APP Mission in Nepal
UNMIS	麻豆APP Mission in the Sudan
UNMISS	麻豆APP Mission in South Sudan
UNMIT	麻豆APP Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste
UNMOGIP	麻豆APP Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
UNMOVIC	麻豆APP Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission [Iraq]
UNOCA	麻豆APP Regional Office for Central Africa
UNOCI	麻豆APP Operation in C?te d'Ivoire
UNOCT	Office of Counter-Terrorism
UNODC	麻豆APP Office on Drugs and Crime
UNOGBIS	麻豆APP Peacebuilding Support Office in Guinea-Bissau [replaced by UNIOGBIS]
UNOL	麻豆APP Peacebuilding Support Office in Liberia
UNOMIG	麻豆APP Observer Mission in Georgia
UNOPS	麻豆APP Office for Project Services
UNOWA	麻豆APP Office for West Africa [replaced by UNOWAS]
UNOWAS	麻豆APP Office for West Africa and the Sahel
UNPOS	麻豆APP Political Office for Somalia [replaced by UNSOM]
UNRISD	麻豆APP Research Institute for Social Development
UNRWA	麻豆APP Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
UNSMIL	麻豆APP Support Mission in Libya
UNSMIS	麻豆APP Supervision Mission in the Syrian Arab Republic
UNSOA	麻豆APP Support Office for the African Union Mission in Somalia [replaced by UNSOS]
UNSOH	麻豆APP Support Office in Haiti
UNSOM	麻豆APP Assistance Mission in Somalia
UNSOS	麻豆APP Support Office in Somalia
UNTMIS	麻豆APP Transitional Assistance Mission in Somalia
UNTOP	麻豆APP Tajikistan Office of Peacebuilding
UN Tourism	World Tourism Organization
UNTSO	麻豆APP Truce Supervision Organization [Middle East]
UNU	麻豆APP University
UNU-WIDER	World Institute for Development Economics Research
UNV	麻豆APP Volunteers programme
UN-Women	麻豆APP Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women
UPU	Universal Postal Union
UT, UTC	Universal Time, Universal Time Coordinated; not usually written out

VAT	value added tax
VHF	very high frequency; not usually written out

WAEMU	West African Economic and Monetary Union
WCO	World Customs Organization
WFP	World Food Programme
WHO	World Health Organization
WIPO	World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO	World Meteorological Organization
WTO	World Trade Organization

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Editorial Manual

Abbreviations

General guidelines

Exceptions

Short titles

Dates, time, academic degrees, titles, etc.

Weights and measures

Parts of a book or document

Principal officially recognized abbreviations